约翰·赫伊津哈

约翰·赫伊津哈（荷兰语：Johan Huizinga，1872年12月7日—1945年2月1日）是荷兰的语言学家和历史学家。

出生于荷兰的格罗宁根。在上学时就掌握了阿拉伯语。1891年考入格罗宁根大学学习文学和梵文。随后于1896年以比较语言学的论文（关于梵文）取得学位。接着他进入哈勒蒙（Haarlem）高级中学教历史课，在其间他出版了他唯一的一部古代史著作《哈勒蒙的兴起》。

之后他透过他的导师布洛特（P. J. Blot）引荐下在1905年进入格罗宁根大学担任历史学教授，而于1915年成为莱顿大学教授，1932年任校长。

赫伊津哈的论著丰富。主要有1905年就职演讲《历史表现中的审美因素》（Het aesthetische bestanddeel van geschiedkundige voorstellingen）、1918年向学生介绍美国史而写的《美国的个人与大众》（Mench enmenigte in Amerika）、1919年的成名作《中世纪的衰落》（The Waning of the Middle Ages）、1924年的《鹿特丹的伊拉斯谟》（Erasmus of Rotterdam）、1938年的《游戏的人》（Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture ）。

1942年他被德国人逮捕囚禁，1945年荷兰解放前夕病逝。

著作

《我的历史之路》

《中世纪的衰落》

《明天即将来临》

《游戏的人》

Johan Huizinga (Dutch: [ˈjoːɦɑn ˈɦœyzɪŋɣaː]; 7 December 1872 – 1 February 1945) was a Dutch historian and one of the founders of modern cultural history.

Life

Born in Groningen as the son of Dirk Huizinga, a professor of physiology, and Jacoba Tonkens, who died two years after his birth, he started out as a student of Indo-European languages, earning his degree in 1895. He then studied comparative linguistics, gaining a good command of Sanskrit. He wrote his doctoral thesis on the role of the jester in Indian drama in 1897.

In 1902 his interest turned towards medieval and Renaissance history. He continued teaching as an Orientalist until he became a Professor of General and Dutch History at Groningen University in 1905. In 1915, he was made Professor of General History at Leiden University, a post he held until 1942. In 1916 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

In 1942, he spoke critically of his country's German occupiers, comments that were consistent with his writings about Fascism in the 1930s. He was held in detention by the Nazis between August and October 1942. Upon his release, he was banned from returning to Leiden. He subsequently lived at the house of his colleague Rudolph Cleveringa in De Steeg in Gelderland, near Arnhem, where he died just a few weeks before Nazi rule ended. He lies buried in the graveyard of the Reformed Church at 6 Haarlemmerstraatweg in Oegstgeest.

Works

Huizinga had an aesthetic approach to history, where art and spectacle played an important part. His most famous work is The Autumn of the Middle Ages (also released as The Waning of the Middle Ages or Autumntide of the Middle Ages) (1919).

Other works include Erasmus (1924) and Homo Ludens (1938). In the latter book he discussed the possibility that play is the primary formative element in human culture. Huizinga also published books on American history and Dutch history in the 17th century.

Alarmed by the rise of National Socialism in Germany, Huizinga wrote several works of cultural criticism. Many similarities can be noted between his analysis and that of contemporary critics such as Ortega y Gasset and Oswald Spengler. Huizinga argued that the spirit of technical and mechanical organisation had replaced spontaneous and organic order in cultural as well as political life.

The Huizinga Lecture (Dutch: Huizingalezing) is a prestigious annual lecture in the Netherlands about a subject in the domains of cultural history or philosophy in honour of Johan Huizinga.

Johan Huizinga’s archive and papers are held by Leiden University Libraries’ Special Collections and also available in its Digital Collections. A complete inventory has been published.

Family

Huizinga's son Leonhard Huizinga became a writer, including his series of tongue-in-cheek novels on the Dutch aristocratic twins Adrian and Oliver ("Adriaan en Olivier").