舒拉米斯·费尔斯通

舒拉米斯·费尔斯通（英语：Shulamith "Shulie" Firestone，1945年1月7日—2012年8月28日），是一位加拿大裔美国激进女权主义者。作为早期激进女权主义和第二波女性主义运动的中心人物，费尔斯通是三个激进女权主义团体的创始成员之一：纽约激进女性、红丝袜和纽约激进女权主义者。

1970年9月，费尔斯通出版了著作《性的辩证法》，该书成为了女权主义运动中极具影响力的文本。娜奥米·沃尔夫（Naomi Wolf）在2012年谈到这本书时说：“如果不去读这本激进的、有煽动性的、第二波女权运动的里程碑著作，就无法理解女权主义的演变历程。”

Shulamith Bath Shmuel Ben Ari Firestone (born Feuerstein; January 7, 1945 – August 28, 2012) was an American radical feminist writer and activist. She was a prominent figure in the early development of radical feminism and second-wave feminism and a founding member of three radical feminist organizations: New York Radical Women, Redstockings, and New York Radical Feminists. Within these movements, she was referred to by some as "the firebrand" and "the fireball".

In 1967, she spoke at the National Conference for New Politics in Chicago. In 1968, she organized a symbolic event referred to as "The Burial of Traditional Womanhood" and participated in the Miss America protest later that year. She protested sexual harassment at Madison Square Garden, organized abortion speakouts, and disrupted abortion legislation meetings.

In 1970, Firestone published The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution. Released in September of that year, the book became an influential text within feminist theory. The ideas presented in The Dialectic of Sex later became relevant to the development of cyberfeminism and xenofeminism, with Firestone’s arguments considered precursors to discussions about technology and gender. In addition to her work as an author, Firestone contributed to and helped edit the feminist magazine Notes.

Following her retirement from activism, Firestone was diagnosed with schizophrenia, a condition she lived with until her death in 2012. Her final published work was Airless Spaces, released in 1998. The book is a collection of short stories based on her experiences with mental illness.

A documentary titled Shulie was produced that depicted Firestone during her time as a student and traced her trajectory as a feminist thinker and writer. The original documentary, which featured Firestone herself, was never released; however, a recreation of the original was later produced.

Biography

Early life and education

Firestone was born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada on January 7, 1945. She was the second of six children and the first daughter of Kate Weiss, a German Jewish refugee who fled the Holocaust, and Sol Feuerstein, a salesman from Brooklyn. Firestone's parents were Orthodox Jews.

In April 1945, when Firestone was four months old, her father participated in the liberation of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany.

During her childhood, the family Anglicized their surname from Feuerstein to Firestone and relocated to St. Louis, Missouri. Her father had adopted Orthodox Judaism as a teenager and was described by Susan Faludi as exercising strict control over his children. One of Firestone's sisters, Tirzah Firestone, recalled that their father directed much of his anger toward Shulamith. Shulamith frequently objected to perceived gender-based expectations within the household. For example, when instructed by her father to make her brother's bed, she was told it was "because you're a girl". Another sister, Laya Firestone Seghi, recounted instances of Sol and Shulamith threatening to kill one another.

Firestone's mother was described by Tirzah Firestone as holding a "passive view of femininity" shaped by traditional ideas of Jewish womanhood.

Firestone skipped a year of high school to join her older brother Daniel at the Washington University in St. Louis. She attended English and History courses from 1961 to 1963, then transferred on full scholarship to the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, from which she earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in painting in 1967. While studying in Chicago, she lived on the North Side and worked as a mail sorter at the post office. In 1967, she founded in Chicago the first independent women's liberation group since the suffrage movement, named Westside.

Activism

In St. Louis, Firestone worked as an organiser with the local chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality, and was briefly involved with the Catholic Worker Movement.