蒂莫西·利里

蒂莫西·利里（英语：Timothy Francis Leary，1920年10月22日—1996年5月31日），美国著名心理学家、作家，以其晚年主张研究迷幻药在受控制环境下的治疗潜力而知名。

他因宣扬LSD对人类精神成长与治疗病态人格的效果并提出“激发热情、内向探索、脱离体制”（Turn on, tune in, drop out）的口号，成为1960年代至1970年代一个颇受争议的人物，同时也对1960年代反文化运动产生了重要的影响。也正因如此，他受到美国许多保守派人物的攻击，如理查德·尼克松总统就曾称他为“全美国最危险的人”（the most dangerous man in America）。

Timothy Francis Leary (October 22, 1920 – May 31, 1996) was an American psychologist and author known for strongly advocating psychedelic drugs. Evaluations of Leary are polarized, ranging from "bold oracle" to "publicity hound". According to poet Allen Ginsberg, he was "a hero of American consciousness", while writer Tom Robbins called him a "brave neuronaut". President Richard Nixon disagreed, calling Leary "the most dangerous man in America". During the 1960s and 1970s, at the height of the counterculture movement, Leary was arrested 36 times.

As a clinical psychologist at Harvard University, Leary founded the Harvard Psilocybin Project after an experience with magic mushrooms he had in Mexico in 1960. For two years, he tested psilocybin's therapeutic effects, in the Concord Prison Experiment and the Marsh Chapel Experiment. He also experimented with lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which was then legal in the US. Other Harvard faculty questioned his research's scientific legitimacy and ethics because he took psychedelics himself along with his subjects and allegedly pressured students to join in. Harvard fired Leary and his colleague Richard Alpert (later known as Ram Dass) in May 1963. Many people learned of psychedelics after the Harvard scandal. Leary continued to publicly promote psychedelic drugs and became a well-known figure of the counterculture of the 1960s; he popularized catchphrases that promoted his philosophy, such as "turn on, tune in, drop out", "set and setting", and "think for yourself and question authority".

Leary believed that LSD showed potential for therapeutic use in psychiatry. He developed an eight-circuit model of consciousness in his 1977 book Exo-Psychology and gave lectures, occasionally calling himself a "performing philosopher". He also developed a philosophy of mind expansion and personal truth through LSD. He also wrote and spoke frequently about transhumanism, human space migration, intelligence increase, and life extension (SMI²LE).

Early life and education

Leary was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, an only child in an Irish Catholic household. His father, Timothy "Tote" Leary, was a dentist who left his wife, Abigail Ferris, when Timothy was 14. He graduated from Classical High School in Springfield.

Leary attended the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts from 1938 to 1940. He received a Jesuit education there and learned Latin, rhetoric, and Greek. Under pressure from his father, he left to become a cadet in the United States Military Academy. In his first months at West Point, he received numerous demerits for rule infractions and then was sanctioned for failing to report rule breaking by cadets he supervised. He was also accused of going on a drinking binge, and after failing to admit it, he was asked by the Honor Committee to resign. Leary refused and was shunned by fellow cadets. He was acquitted by a court-martial, but the silencing continued as well as the onslaught of demerits for small rule infractions. In his second year, his mother appealed to a family friend, United States Senator David I. Walsh, head of the Senate Naval Affairs Committee, who investigated personally. The Honor Committee quietly revised its position and announced that it would abide by the court-martial verdict. Leary then resigned and was honorably discharged by the Army. About 50 years later he said it was "the only fair trial I've had in a court of law".

To his family's chagrin, Leary transferred to the University of Alabama in late 1941 because it admitted him expeditiously. He enrolled in the university's ROTC program, maintained top grades, and began to cultivate academic interests in psychology (under the aegis of the Middlebury and Harvard-educated Donald Ramsdell) and biology. Leary was expelled a year later for spending a night in the female dormitory and lost his student deferment during World War II.