瓦西里·阿克西约诺夫

瓦西里·阿克肖诺夫（俄语：Васи́лий Па́влович Аксёнов ，1932年8月20日—2009年7月6日）是苏联和俄罗斯小说家。

生平

瓦西里·阿克肖诺夫生于苏联喀山，他是叶夫根尼娅·索洛莫诺夫娜·金兹堡的儿子。

内务人民委员部后来以人民公敌之子为由将他逮捕，并把他送到孤儿院， 直到1938年被他的叔叔救出。1947年，他来到他妈妈所在的科雷马古拉格附近定居，并且在那里上高中。

他的父母认为，如果被关进集中营，医生最有机会生存，所以他们决定让阿克肖诺夫学医。 阿克肖诺夫后来进入喀山大学就读，并于1956年从圣彼得堡国立巴甫洛夫医科大学毕业，之后又当了3年的医生。 他在医学院就读期间，他一直受到苏联国家安全部的监视。

1956年，他在一本杂志上首次发表作品，他也因此被苏联作家瓦连京·卡塔耶夫发掘。 他的第一部小说于1961年完稿，讲的就是他当医生时候的故事。 他的第二部小说《带星星的火车票》也于同年完成，这本小说是他的成名作 。1963年，阿克肖诺夫的作品《带星星的火车票》被介绍到了中国，不过当时主要是内部出版。

阿克肖诺夫亲美而且反对极权主义， 他曾在小说《克里米亚岛》中提到，如果俄国白军在1917年击败了布尔什维克，他们的生活会是什么样的。 后来阿克肖诺夫流亡美国，在乔治梅森大学教授俄罗斯文学。其作品被禁止在苏联出版，其苏联国籍也被剥夺。1991年，阿克肖诺夫被允许回到苏联，其苏联国籍也一并恢复。

Vasily Pavlovich Aksyonov (Russian: Васи́лий Па́влович Аксёнов, IPA: [vɐˈsʲilʲɪj ˈpavləvʲɪtɕ ɐˈksʲɵnəf]; August 20, 1932 – July 6, 2009) was a Soviet and Russian novelist. He became known in the West as the author of The Burn (Ожог, Ozhog, from 1975) and of Generations of Winter (Московская сага, Moskovskaya Saga, from 1992), a family saga following three generations of the Gradov family between 1925 and 1953.

Early life and education

Vasily Aksyonov was born to Pavel Aksyonov and Yevgenia Ginzburg in Kazan, USSR on August 20, 1932. His mother, Yevgenia Ginzburg, was a successful journalist and educator and his father, Pavel Aksyonov, had a high position in the administration of Kazan. Both parents "were prominent communists." In 1937, however, both were arrested and tried for her alleged connection to Trotskyists. They were both sent to the Gulag and then into exile, and "each served 18 years, but remarkably survived." "Later, Yevgenia came to prominence as the author of a famous memoir, Into the Whirlwind, documenting the brutality of Stalinist repression."

Aksyonov remained in Kazan with his nanny and grandmother until the NKVD arrested him as a son of "enemies of the people", and sent him to an orphanage without providing his family any information on his whereabouts. Aksyonov "remained [there] until rescued in 1938 by his uncle, with whose family he stayed until his mother was released into exile, having served 10 years of forced labour." "In 1947, Vasily joined her in exile in the notorious Magadan, Kolyma prison area, where he graduated from high school." Vasily's half-brother Alexei (from Ginzburg's first marriage to Dmitriy Fedorov) died from starvation in besieged Leningrad in 1941.

His parents, seeing that doctors had the best chance to survive in the camps, decided that Aksyonov should go into the medical profession. "He therefore entered the Kazan University and graduated in 1956 from the First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Peterburg" and worked as a doctor for the next 3 years. During his time as a medical student he came under surveillance by the MGB, who began to prepare a dossier against him. It is likely that he would have been arrested had the liberalisation that followed Stalin's death in 1953 not intervened.

Career

Reportedly, "during the liberalisation that followed Stalin's death in 1953, Aksyonov came into contact with the first Soviet countercultural movement of zoot-suited hipsters called stilyagi (the ones 'with style')." As a result,

He fell in love with their slang, fashions, libertine lifestyles, dancing and especially their music. From this point on began his lifelong romance with jazz. Interest in his new milieu, western music, fashion and literature turned out to be life-changing for Aksyonov, who decided to dedicate himself to chronicling his times through literature. He remained a keen observer of youth, with its ever-changing styles, movements and trends. Like no other Soviet writer, he was attuned to the developments and changes in popular culture.

In 1956, he was "discovered" and heralded by the Soviet writer Valentin Kataev for his first publication, in the liberal magazine Youth. "His first novel, Colleagues (1961), was based on his experiences as a doctor." "His second, Ticket to the Stars (1961), depicting the life of Soviet youthful hipsters, made him an overnight celebrity."