哥舒姆·舒勒姆

格哈德·朔勒姆（Gerhard Scholem）在从德国移民到以色列之后，改名为格尔肖姆·朔勒姆（Gershom Scholem，希伯来语：גרשום שלום）（1897年12月5日—1982年2月21日），是一名德国出生的以色列哲学家和历史学家。 他被广泛认为是卡巴拉现代学术研究的创始人，成为耶路撒冷希伯来大学第一位犹太神秘主义教授。 他的亲密朋友包括瓦尔特·本雅明和列奥·施特劳斯，并且其信件选集已出版。

朔勒姆最著名的是他收集的讲义，《犹太教神秘主义主流》（1941）和他的传记《萨贝塔伊·泽维，神秘的弥赛亚》（1957）。 他在《论卡巴拉及其象征主义》（1965）内所收集的演讲和散文，有助于在犹太人和非犹太人中传播有关犹太神秘主义的知识。

Gershom Scholem (Hebrew: גֵרְשׁׂם שָׁלוֹם; 5 December 1897 – 21 February 1982) was a German philosopher and historian. Widely regarded as the founder of modern academic study of the Kabbalah, Scholem was appointed the first professor of Jewish mysticism at Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Biography

Gerhard (Gershom) Scholem was born in Berlin to Arthur Scholem and Betty Hirsch Scholem. His father was a printer. His older brother was the German Communist leader Werner Scholem. He studied Hebrew and Talmud with an Orthodox rabbi.

Scholem met Walter Benjamin in Munich in 1915, when the former was seventeen years old and the latter was twenty-three. They began a lifelong friendship that ended when Benjamin committed suicide in 1940 in the wake of Nazi persecution. Scholem dedicated his book Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism (Die jüdische Mystik in ihren Hauptströmungen), based on lectures 1938–1940, to Benjamin. In 1915, Scholem enrolled at the Frederick William University in Berlin (today, Humboldt University), where he studied mathematics, philosophy, and Hebrew. There he met Martin Buber, Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Hayim Nahman Bialik, Ahad Ha'am, and Zalman Shazar.

In Berlin, Scholem befriended Leo Strauss and corresponded with him throughout his life. He studied mathematical logic at the University of Jena under Gottlob Frege. He was in Bern in 1918 with Benjamin when he met Elsa (Escha) Burchhard, who became his first wife. Scholem returned to Germany in 1919, where he received a degree in Semitic languages at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. Together with Benjamin, he established a fictitious school – the University of Muri.

Scholem wrote his doctoral thesis on the oldest known kabbalistic text, Sefer ha-Bahir. The following year it appeared in book form as "Das Buch Bahir", having been published by his father's publishing house.

Drawn to Zionism and influenced by Buber, he immigrated in 1923 to the British Mandate of Palestine. There Scholem became a librarian, heading the Department of Hebrew and Judaica at the National Library. In 1927, he revamped the Dewey Decimal System, making it appropriate for large Judaica collections. During the period that he was a librarian of ancient manuscripts at the library of Hebrew University, fragments of the newly discovered Dead Sea Scrolls and inventory from the Cairo Genizah moved through the collections he was overseeing. Scholem became a professor of mysticism at the Hebrew University in 1933.

Scholem's brother Werner was a member of the ultra-left "Fischer-Maslow Group" and the youngest ever member of the Reichstag, or Weimar Diet, representing the Communist Party of Germany. He was expelled from the party and later murdered by the Nazis during the Third Reich. Unlike his brother, Gershom was vehemently opposed to both Communism and Marxism. In 1936, he married his second wife, Fania Freud. Fania, who had been his student and could read Polish, was helpful in his later research, particularly in regard to Jacob Frank.

In 1946, Scholem was sent by the Hebrew University to search for Jewish books that had been plundered by the Nazis and help return them to their rightful owners. He spent much of the year in Germany and Central Europe as part of this project, known as "Otzrot HaGolah".

Scholem died in Jerusalem, where he is buried next to his wife in the Sanhedria Cemetery. Jürgen Habermas delivered the eulogy.

Academic career

Scholem became a lecturer at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He taught the Kabbalah and mysticism from a scientific point of view and became the first professor of Jewish mysticism at the university in 1933, working in this post until his retirement in 1965, when he became an emeritus professor.