贝茜·海德

贝茜·海德 （英语：Bessie Head, 1937年7月6日—1986年4月17日）是南非出身的博茨瓦纳最具影响力的现代女作家。

生平

贝茜·海德出生于南非彼得马里茨堡。她是一位富有的南非白人妇女和一位黑人仆人的孩子。她的母亲患有精神疾病。在她母亲自杀之后，贝茜由寄养父母抚养，后来又被送入一个孤儿院。

1957年1月，她在德班郊区克莱尔伍德的一所学校任教。在1958年至1960年间，她担任“金城邮报”（The Golden City Post）和“鼓”（Drum Magazine）杂志社的记者。 她于1960年加入泛非主义者大会（PAC）。1961年9月1日，她与哈罗德·海德（Harold Head）结婚。

1964年，她离开南非，带着年幼的儿子搬到了博茨瓦纳（当时还是贝专纳保护国）寻求庇护。然而，贝茜需要生活15年才能获得博茨瓦纳公民身份。她定居在博茨瓦纳最大的“村庄”塞罗韦（传统定居点而非城镇）。塞罗韦因其作为Bamangwato部落的首都而闻名。被罢免的Bamangwato部落酋长塞雷茨·卡马在不久之后成为了博茨瓦纳独立共和国的第一任总统。

她于1986年死于肝炎，年仅48岁。

著作

《乌云密布》When Rain Clouds Gather (1968)

《权力之问》A Question of Power (1973)

荣誉

在2003年，她因对文学的杰出贡献以及为自由、和平的不懈斗争精神，被授予南非天堂鸟金勋章（Order of Ikhamanga）。

Bessie Amelia Emery Head (6 July 1937 – 17 April 1986) was a South African writer who, though born in South Africa, is usually considered Botswana's most influential writer. She wrote novels, short fiction and autobiographical works that are infused with spiritual questioning and reflection. Notable books by her include When Rain Clouds Gather (1968), Maru (1971) and A Question of Power (1973).

Biography

Bessie Amelia Emery was born in Pietermaritzburg, Union of South Africa, the child of a white woman and a black man at a time when interracial relationships were illegal in South Africa. Bessie's mother, Fiona Emery, from the wealthy South African Birch family, had been hospitalised for several years in mental hospitals following the death of her first child, a boy named Gerald Emery, who died after 8 weeks of birth. She was in the huge mental hospital in Pietermaritzburg when she gave birth to Bessie. Although she was not allowed to keep the child, she did give the daughter her own name. Her father is unknown.

Infant Bessie was first placed with white foster parents on the assumption that she was white. A few weeks later, these parents realised that she was coloured and returned her to the authorities. She was then placed with a mixed-race or "coloured" family, the Heathcotes, in a poor non-white area of Pietermaritzburg. Here, she grew up with a strict foster mother, Nelly Heathcote, and attended the local Catholic Church and primary school. She never quite realised that she was not a Heathcote. She enjoyed a near-normal childhood of her time and place, except that her foster mother resented her love of books.

When Bessie was 12, after she had completed four years of primary school education, the authorities moved her to St. Monica's Home for Coloured Girls, an Anglican boarding-school in Durban. At first, Bessie tried to run away and go home. Later, she began to appreciate the wealth of books and knowledge that the school offered. At the end of her second year, she endured the first great trauma of her life. The authorities abruptly told her that she was the daughter of a white woman, not Nelly Heathcote, and that she would not be allowed to return to her former home for the Christmas holidays. The young teenager was devastated and withdrew into herself.

Two years later, at the end of 1953, Bessie passed her Junior Certificate examination. She went on to do a two-year Teacher Training Certificate at a nearby college, while living at St. Monica's. Finally, at the beginning of 1956, the court declared her an adult; she was awarded a provisional teaching certificate; and she accepted a job as a teacher in a coloured primary school in Durban. During this time she developed close friendships with several of the white staff of St. Monica's, as well as several members of the "Indian" community, and her interest in non-Christian religions flourished, especially Hinduism.

On the other hand, she had only a passing contact with the "black" African majority in Natal, who were overwhelmingly Zulu.

In mid-1958, tired of her daily routines and dreaming of bigger things, Head resigned her job. She had a 21st birthday party with old friends, then took a train for Cape Town, where she intended to become a journalist.

Cape Town and Johannesburg

South Africa's urbanised non-whites were beginning to stir under the ever-more-restrictive laws of apartheid. Several mass-market newspapers and magazines already catered to their tastes, of which the weekly Drum was the most famous. Head sought employment instead with Drum's sister publication, the weekly Golden City Post. She worked there for almost a year, filing courtroom stories and other small tasks given to rookies in the newsroom. She wrote under her real name, Bessie Amelia Emery.