贝尔纳多特·艾弗利·施密特

贝尔纳多特·埃弗利·施密特（英语：Bernadotte Everly Schmitt，1886年5月19日—1969年3月23日）是一位美国历史学家，于1924年至1946年担任芝加哥大学现代欧洲历史教授。他最著名的研究是关于第一次世界大战的起源，强调德国应该对战争负上主要责任，并反对修正主义的观点。

生平

施密特获得了牛津大学的文学硕士学位，以及威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的博士学位。1906年首次访问德国后，施密特对德国产生了长期的敌对情绪。1916年，他因出版《英德关系，1740-1914》一书而受到关注。著作《即将到来的战争，1914》（1930年出版）为他赢得了1930年美国历史学会乔治·路易斯·比尔奖和1931年普利策历史奖。

主要作品

《即将到来的战争，1914》（The Coming of the War, 1914）等，该著作获得1931年普利策历史奖。

这部作品是施密特最为人熟知的著作之一，对两年前（1928年）悉尼·费伊（Sidney Fay）所发表的第一次世界大战起源的研究提出了异议。费伊认为塞尔维亚和俄罗斯对一战的爆发负有主要责任，而施密特坚持德国是导致这场灾难的主要原因。

施密特、路易吉·阿尔贝蒂尼（Luigi Albertini）和皮埃尔·雷诺万（Pierre Renouvin）所代表的“正统”学派，与费伊、哈里·埃尔默·巴恩斯（Harry Elmer Barnes）等“修正主义”学派之间的争论，主导了有关“战争罪责”的学术讨论。“正统”学派认为德国对第一次世界大战负有主要责任，而“修正主义”学派则将责任归咎于协约国。

影响

美国历史学会设立了施密特奖学金，用于支持欧洲、非洲和亚洲历史领域的研究。

Bernadotte Everly Schmitt (May 19, 1886 – March 23, 1969) was an American historian who was professor of Modern European History at the University of Chicago from 1924 to 1946. He is best known for his study of the causes of World War I, in which he emphasized Germany's perceived responsibility and rejected revisionist arguments.

Biography

Schmitt received his Master of Arts from the University of Oxford and his PhD from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In 1916 he gained notice with England and Germany, 1740–1914. His book The Coming of the War, 1914 (published in 1930) won him the 1930 George Louis Beer Prize of the American Historical Association and the 1931 Pulitzer Prize for History.

This work, for which he remains best known, took issue with the equally prominent study of the origins of the First World War published two years earlier by Sidney Fay (for which its author had also won a Beer Prize). In contrast to Fay's argument that Serbia and Russia were culpable, Schmitt insisted that Germany had indeed been largely responsible for the catastrophe. The debate between the "orthodox" school represented by Schmitt, Luigi Albertini and Pierre Renouvin, and the "revisionist" school of Fay, Harry Elmer Barnes and others that shifted blame from the Central Powers to the Allies, dominated scholarship on the "war-guilt" question until the publication of Fritz Fischer's Griff nach der Weltmacht (Germany's Aims in the First World War) (1961), which reopened the debate with a fresh approach by blaming Germany's prewar ambitions.

Schmitt was the first editor of the Journal of Modern History, serving from 1929 to 1946. In 1937 Schmitt published The Annexation of Bosnia, 1908–1909.

Schmitt was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1938 and the American Philosophical Society in 1942. In 1960, he was president of the American Historical Association. He died in 1969.

Legacy

The American Historical Association offers the Bernadotte E. Schmitt Grants to support research in the history of Europe, Africa, and Asia.