塞缪尔·艾略特·莫里森

塞缪尔·艾略特·莫里森（英语：Samuel Eliot Morison, 1887年7月9日—1976年5月15日）是一位美国海军历史学家，以其海军历史相关著作的权威性和可读性著名，最高军衔为海军后备役少将。

生平

莫里森于1912年在哈佛大学获得了哲学博士学位，后于该校教授历史长达40年。

在莫里森的职业生涯里，共获得11个荣誉博士学位，包括哈佛大学（1936年）、耶鲁大学（1949年）、哥伦比亚大学（1942年）、牛津大学（1951年），以及诸多文学奖项、军事荣誉和国家荣誉，包括两个普利策奖、两个班克洛夫特奖、巴尔赞奖、功绩勋章和总统自由勋章。

著作

莫里森因1942年所著、讲述克里斯多福·哥伦布生平的《哥伦布传》（Admiral of the ocean sea : a life of Christopher Columbus）以及1959年的《一位水手的传记》（John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography）两书而获得了普利策奖。1942年，富兰克林·D·罗斯福总统委任他写述美国海军在二次大战的战史，后成了于1947年至1962年期间问世的15卷巨著——《第二次大战美国海军作战史》。1951年，莫里森以后备役海军少将的身份退役。莫里森还著有颇受好评的《牛津美国民族史》以及与亨利·康马杰合著经典教科书——《美利坚共和国的成长》（The Growth of the American Republic，1930年出版）。

Samuel Eliot Morison (July 9, 1887 – May 15, 1976) was an American historian noted for his works of maritime history and American history that were both authoritative and popular. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1912, and taught history at the university for 40 years. He won Pulitzer Prizes for Admiral of the Ocean Sea (1942), a biography of Christopher Columbus, and John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography (1959). In 1942, he was commissioned to write a history of United States naval operations in World War II, which was published in 15 volumes between 1947 and 1962. Morison wrote the popular Oxford History of the American People (1965), and co-authored the classic textbook The Growth of the American Republic (1930) with Henry Steele Commager.

Over the course of his career, Morison received eleven honorary doctoral degrees, and garnered numerous literary prizes, military honors, and national awards from both foreign countries and the United States, including two Pulitzer Prizes, two Bancroft Prizes, the Balzan Prize, the Legion of Merit, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Early life (1887–1912)

Samuel Eliot Morison was born July 9, 1887, in Boston, Massachusetts, to John Holmes Morison (1856–1911) and Emily Marshall (Eliot) Morison (1857–1925). He was named for his maternal grandfather Samuel Eliot—a historian, educator, and public-minded citizen of Boston and Hartford, Connecticut. The Eliot family, which produced generations of prominent American intellectuals, descended from Andrew Eliot, who moved to Boston in the 1660s from the English village of East Coker. The most famous of this Andrew Eliot's direct descendants was poet T.S. Eliot, who titled the second of his Four Quartets "East Coker".

Morison attended Noble and Greenough School (1897–1901) and St. Paul's (1901–1903) prior to entering Harvard University, where he was a member of the Phoenix S K Club. At the age of fourteen, he learned to sail, and soon after learned horsemanship—both skills would serve him well in his later historical writings. He earned both a Bachelor of Arts and Master's degree from Harvard in 1908. After studying at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques (1908–1909), Morison returned to Harvard.

Scholar and historian (1913–1941)

Morison originally intended to major in mathematics until Albert Bushnell Hart talked him into researching some papers of an ancestor stored in his wine cellar. His Harvard dissertation was the basis for his first book The Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis, Federalist, 1765–1848 (1913), which sold 700 copies. After earning his Ph.D. at Harvard, Morison became an instructor in history at the University of California, Berkeley in 1912. In 1915 he returned to Harvard and took a position as an instructor. During World War I he served as a private in the US Army. He also served as the American Delegate on the Baltic Commission of the Paris Peace Conference until June 17, 1919.

In 1922–1925 Morison taught at Oxford University as the first Harmsworth Professor of American History. In 1925 he returned to Harvard, where he was appointed a full professor. One of several subjects that fascinated Morison was the history of New England. As early as 1921 he published The Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783–1860. In the 1930s Morison published a series of books on the history of Harvard University and New England, including Builders of the Bay Colony: A Gallery of Our Intellectual Ancestors (1930), The Founding of Harvard College (1935), Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century (1936), Three Centuries of Harvard: 1636–1936 (1936), and The Puritan Pronaos (1936). In later years, he returned to the subject of New England history, writing The Ropemakers of Plymouth (1950) and The Story of the 'Old Colony' of New Plymouth (1956) and editing the definitive work, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620–1647 (1952).