法蒂玛·真纳

法蒂玛·真纳（乌尔都语：فاطمہ جناح，英语：Fatima Jinnah，1893年7月31日—1967年7月9日）是巴基斯坦牙医及女政治家。她的兄长穆罕默德·阿里·真纳是巴基斯坦国父和印度独立运动重要领导人之一。

法蒂玛·真纳被巴国人民尊称为“国母”（乌尔都语：Māder-e Millat）和“巴基斯坦第一女士”（乌尔都语：Khātūn-e Pākistān）。

Fatima Jinnah (31 July 1893 – 9 July 1967) was a Pakistani politician, stateswoman, author, and activist. She was the younger sister of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder and first governor-general of Pakistan.

After obtaining a dental degree from the University of Calcutta in 1923, she became the first woman to qualify as a dentist in British India. She was a close associate and adviser to her brother, accompanying him throughout the Pakistan Movement and participating in the activities of the All-India Muslim League. After the independence of Pakistan, she assisted in the settlement of Muhajirs and established the Women's Relief Committee, which later evolved into the All Pakistan Women's Association. She remained the closest confidant of her brother until his death. After his death, Fatima was prevented from addressing the nation until 1951; her 1951 radio address was interrupted, which many believed was an attempt by the Liaquat Ali Khan government to censor her. She wrote the book My Brother in 1955, but it was only published 32 years later, in 1987. According to journalist Akhtar Baloch, before its publication, Sharif al Mujahid removed several pages, stating that they were "against the ideology of Pakistan".

In 1964–65, Fatima accepted the nomination of the Combined Opposition Parties (COP) to contest the 1965 presidential election against President Ayub Khan. During her campaign, she criticised Ayub's military rule and called for the restoration of democracy and civil rights. Although Ayub won through the Basic democracy electoral college system, Fatima received strong support in East Pakistan and urban centres, and the opposition alleged widespread electoral malpractice. Following the election, she largely withdrew from public life and spent her remaining years at Mohatta Palace in Karachi.

Fatima died in Karachi on 9 July 1967, sparking controversy with rumours of unnatural causes. Although her nephew, Akbar Pirbhai, called for an inquiry, no official report was issued. Nearly half a million people attended her funeral in Karachi. According to Akbar Ahmed, her legacy is associated with her opposition to military rule and her role as a symbol of democratic Pakistan. She is commonly known as Madar-e-Millat ("Mother of the Nation") and Khatun-e-Pakistan ("Lady of Pakistan"), and numerous institutions and public spaces in Pakistan have been named in her honour.

Early life and education

Fatima was born into the Jinnah family on 31 July 1893, the youngest daughter to Jinnahbhai Poonja and his wife Mithibai, in Kathiawar, Gujarat, during the Bombay Presidency in British India. Her parents belonged to the Ismaili Shia Khoja community, a mercantile group with roots in the princely state of Gondal in Kathiawar that migrated to Karachi in the late nineteenth century. Jinnahbhai and Mithibai were among the migrants who settled in Karachi's Kharadar district. Fatima lost her mother at an early age when Mithibai died in 1895 following childbirth. After her mother's death, Fatima was raised primarily by her siblings and extended family, particularly a paternal aunt who played an important role in her childhood.

Fatima had seven siblings: four brothers — Muhammad Ali, Ahmad Ali, Bunde Ali, and Bachu — and three sisters — Rahmat, Maryam, and Shireen. Among her siblings, Fatima was closest to Muhammad Ali, who became her guardian after their father's death in 1901. Following their father's death, Muhammad Ali took an active interest in Fatima's education, enrolling her at Bombay's Bandra Convent in 1902. He later enrolled her at St. Patrick's School, where she completed her Senior Cambridge examination in 1913. Fatima lived with her brother until 1918, when he married Rattanbai Petit. In 1919, she enrolled at the University of Calcutta and studied at the Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College. After graduating in 1923, she became the first woman to qualify as a dentist in British India. With Muhammad Ali's support, she then established a dental practice in Bombay in 1923.