斯坦利·G·佩恩

斯坦利·乔治·佩恩（Stanley George Payne，1934年9月9日—）是美国威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的一位专门研究现代西班牙以及欧洲法西斯主义的历史学家。他于2004年退休，目前是该校历史系的名誉教授。

Stanley G. Payne (born September 9, 1934) is an American academic and historian, specialized in the history of modern Spain and European fascist movements. Having taught at the University of Wisconsin–Madison for 37 years, he became a professor emeritus at its Department of History in 2004.

His works on the Spanish Civil War and the Francoist period received various estimates: while by the 1980s he had earned the reputation of "America's most prolific historian of Spain", in the 21st century his later works became known for their "revisionist" approach, and received criticism from other historians as overly benevolent towards Falangism and for allegedly spreading Francoist narratives. However, other historians have praised Payne's work in the 21st century. In 2018, Julius Ruiz praised Payne's 2017 work Alcala Zamora and the Failure of the Spanish Republic.

Early life

Stanley George Payne was born on September 9, 1934, in Denton, Texas. His parents were living in Colorado before moving to Denton. His father worked as a carpenter after losing his job due to the Great Depression in the United States, and eventually became the foreman of a planing mill. His mother completed two years of nurse training at a sanitarium in Chicago, Illinois but was forced to drop out due to lack of support from her family. She was a Seventh-Day Adventist. The family moved to Sacramento, California when Stanley was twelve and his parents eventually divorced soon after.(revise - conflicting)

Education and career

Payne received his B.A. from Pacific Union College in Angwin, California in 1955. Subsequently, he earned a M.A. from Claremont Graduate School and University Center in Claremont, California (1957) and a Ph.D. from Columbia University in New York City (1960) under the supervision of Shepard B. Clough. He worked as a lecturer at Columbia University during his doctorate (1959–1960) and went on to hold the same position at the Hunter College in New York City (1960). Then, he became an instructor at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis (1960–1962) and an assistant professor of history at the University of California, Los Angeles (1962–1968). At that time, he became vice-chairman of the History Department at the same institution (1966–1967). Payne was appointed professor of history at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Wisconsin in 1968 and retired as Professor Emeritus of its History Department in 2005.

Work

Known for his typological description of fascism, Payne specialized in the history of modern Spain, particularly on the Spanish fascist movement, and has worked on comparative analyses of European fascist movements in Western Europe.

His first book on the Falange drew on interviews with party members conducted as part of doctoral research in Spain during 1958–59, and acknowledged a "heavy debt" to the party's ex-propaganda chief Dionisio Ridruejo and its former head Manuel Hedilla, who also emerged as the main neo-Falangist leader at the time.

In the 1960s, Payne's books were published in Spanish by Éditions Ruedo ibérico (ERi), a publishing company set up by Spanish Republican exiles in Paris, France, to publish works forbidden in Spain by the Francoist regime ruling the country at the time. He has been referred to by some historians as a revisionist due to his views. One of his more famous books is Spanish Civil War, The Soviet Union and Communism, which analyzes Joseph Stalin and the Soviet government's intervention in Spain. He also wrote The Franco Regime, The Spanish Civil War and A History of Fascism 1914–1945.

Typological description of fascism

Payne presents his typology of generic fascism divided under three headings:

A. Ideology and Goals:

Espousal of an idealist, vitalist, and voluntaristic philosophy, normally involving the attempt to realize a new modern, self-determined, and secular culture

Creation of a new nationalist authoritarian state not based on traditional principles or models