爱德蒙多·德·亚米契斯

爱德蒙多·德·亚米契斯（意大利语：Edmondo De Amicis，1846年10月21日—1908年3月11日）为意大利小说家，其最受欢迎的作品是儿童小说《爱的教育》（直译为《心》）

生平

亚米契斯生于意大利因佩里亚城的奥奈格利亚，少年时于都灵就学，十六岁加入摩德纳军事学院，开始他的军旅生涯。1866年他参加意大利第三次独立战争中的库斯托扎战役，萨伏依王朝的军队惨败于奥地利军队的景象刺激了他，最后他退出了军队。1868年他在佛罗伦萨出版了第一本书《军旅随笔》。1870年亚米契斯到罗马担任《民族报》的记者，后来的几年里著有多部游记。

1886年10月，亚米契斯的《爱的教育》（Cuore，意语“心”的意思）出版。这是一部日记体小说，情感丰富且文笔优美，全书共一百篇文章，主要由三部分构成：意大利四年级小学生安利柯的十个月日记；他的父母在他日记本上写的劝诫启发性的文章；以及十则老师在课堂上宣读的小故事，其中《少年笔耕》、《寻母三千里》（Dagli Appennini alle Ande）等段落尤为知名。小说大受欢迎，并被翻译成多种文字。夏丏尊曾将其由英、日文本转译，因夏本人也是文学家，教育家，所以译本颇受称赞，其剧本《过客之花》也由巴金译成中文。

亚米契斯晚年思想接近社会主义，1896年加入了意大利社会主义者党。1901年，他被美国文理科学院选为外籍荣誉院士。

作品

《军旅随笔》（La vita militare，1868年）

《君士坦丁堡》（Costantinopoli，1878年），被认为是一本精彩的游记，2005年再版，翁贝托·艾柯为其写了序言。

《爱的教育》（Cuore，1886年）

Sull'oceano（1889年），描写了海外的意大利移民的困境。

Edmondo De Amicis (Italian pronunciation: [edˈmondo de aˈmiːtʃis]; 21 October 1846 – 11 March 1908) was an Italian novelist, journalist, poet, and short-story writer. His best-known book is the children's novel Heart.

Early career

Born in Oneglia (today part of the city of Imperia), he went to the Military Academy of Modena, and became an Army officer in the new Kingdom of Italy. Edmondo fought in the Battle of Custoza during the Third Italian War of Independence, a defeat of Savoy forces against the Austrian Empire; the spectacle left him disappointed, and contributed to his later decision to leave military life.

In Florence, he wrote his first sketches dealing with his frontline experience, collected as La vita militare ("Military Life", 1868), and first published by the journal of the Ministry of Defense, L'Italia Militare. He also met many leading literary figures in Florence and became interested in Alessandro Manzoni's ideas on language for the new, heterogeneous nation. In 1870, he joined the staff of the journal La Nazione in Rome, and his correspondence at the time later served as base for his travel writings: Spagna (1873), Olanda (1874), Ricordi di Londra (1874), Marocco (1876), Constantinople (1878), Ricordi di Parigi (1879). A new edition of Constantinople, considered by many his masterpiece and the best description of the city in the 19th century, was published in 2005, with a foreword by Umberto Eco.

Heart

Heart was issued by Treves on 17 October 1886, then the first day of school in Italy. Its success was immense: in a few months it was printed in 40 Italian editions and translated into dozens of languages. Its praise for the creation of the united Italian state in the previous decade contributed to its reception, but also led to criticism from some Roman Catholic politicians for failing to depict the nature of the Holy See's opposition to the annexation of Rome.

Initiated to the Scottish Rite Freemasonry, possibly in the regular Masonic Lodge Concordia in Montevideo, Uruguay, De Amicis held the public greeting speech in honor of the mason Giovanni Bovio during the first representation of his theatral drama titled San Paolo, interpreted by the Italian actor and mason Giovanni Emanuel. His book Cuore has been considered for decades an educative textbook largely read and studied in the Italian public schools. Some literary critics noted it substituted the traditional Roman Catholic doctrine with a lay civil religion where heroes took the place of Christian martyrs, the Statuto Albertino displaced the Gospels, the Church, its believers and the Ten Commandments were respectively deleted in favour of the State, the figure of the citizen and the protection of the Italian codes of laws. The Grand Orient of Italy recognized De Amicis as one of his most notable past members.

Later years

The nationalist message visible in De Amicis' works was soon fused with a commitment to socialism (a trend visible within Heart). In 1896, he adhered to the Italian Socialist Party. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1901.

His later works include: Sull'oceano (1889), dealing with the plight of Italian emigrants overseas, Il romanzo di un maestro (1890), Amore e ginnastica (1891), Maestrina degli operai (1895), La carrozza di tutti (1899), L'idioma gentile (1905), and Nuovi ritratti letterari e artistici (1908). At the same time, he contributed to the Turin-based Il Grido del Popolo - his articles were collected as Questione sociale ("Social Issues", 1894).