克拉丽斯·利斯佩克托

克拉丽丝·李斯佩克朵（Clarice Lispector，1920年12月10日—1977年12月9日，又译作克拉丽斯·利斯佩克托），巴西犹太裔女作家。生于俄国内战时期的乌克兰，自幼移民巴西，在巴西东北部城市累西腓长大，但直到1943年1月结婚前夕才正式取得巴西国籍。她在里约热内卢就读大学法学院期间开始为报社写稿，1943年12月发表的第一部长篇小说《濒临狂野的心》运用意识流手法创作，轰动巴西文坛。

1944年—1959年的大部分时间，克拉丽丝偕外交官丈夫旅居意大利、瑞士、英国及美国。1959年两人离婚，她带着两个儿子回巴西定居。回国后她创作了重要作品《家庭纽带》和《G.H.受难曲》。1966年她因火灾导致右手残疾。1977年她出版最后的代表作《星辰时刻》后不久因卵巢癌逝世。

克拉丽丝在文学界很有名望，作品颇具原创性、晦涩难读。她在巴西是个传奇式的人物，其神秘的文本风格众所周知。她还以美貌闻名，将其作品翻译成英语的Gregory Rabassa说她“长得像玛琳·黛德丽，文风像弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫”。今天她和若昂·吉马朗伊斯·罗萨一起被认为是20世纪最杰出的巴西作家。为克拉丽斯写传并译介其作品的美国作家Benjamin Moser赞扬她是“卡夫卡以来最重要的犹太作家”。

主要作品

《濒临狂野的心》（1943）

《家庭纽带》（1960）

《G.H.受难曲》（1964）

《隐秘的幸福》（1971）

《星辰时刻》（1977）

Clarice Lispector (Portuguese: [klaˈɾisi lisˈpɛktoʁ]; née Chaya Pinkhasivna Lispector; December 10, 1920 – December 9, 1977) was a Ukrainian-born Brazilian novelist and short story writer. Her distinctive and innovative works, which explore diverse narrative forms and themes of intimacy and introspection, have earned her international acclaim. She is known for works such as Near to the Wild Heart (1943) and The Hour of the Star (1977).

Clarice arrived in Brazil before she turned two years old, with her family, amidst the pogroms that followed the collapse of the Russian Empire. Born to a Jewish family in Podolia in Western Ukraine, she grew up in Recife, the capital of the northeastern state of Pernambuco, where her mother died when Clarice was nine. The family moved to Rio de Janeiro when she was in her teens. While in law school in Rio, she began publishing her first journalistic work and short stories, catapulting to fame at the age of 23 with the publication of her first novel, Near to the Wild Heart (Perto do Coração Selvagem), written as an interior monologue in a style and language that was considered revolutionary in Brazil.

In 1944, Lispector spent the next decade and a half in Europe and the United States due to her marriage to a Brazilian diplomat. After returning to Rio de Janeiro in 1959, she published the stories of Family Ties (Laços de Família) and the novel The Passion According to G.H. (A Paixão Segundo G.H.). Injured in an accident in 1966, she spent the last decade of her life in frequent pain, steadily writing and publishing novels and stories, including the celebrated Água Viva, until her premature death in 1977.

Lispector has been the subject of numerous books, and references to her and her work are common in Brazilian literature and music. Several of her works have been turned into films. In 2009, the American writer Benjamin Moser published Why This World: A Biography of Clarice Lispector. Since that publication, her works have been the object of an extensive project of retranslation, published by New Directions Publishing and Penguin Modern Classics, the first Brazilian to enter that prestigious series. Moser, who is also the editor of her anthology The Complete Stories (2015), describes Lispector as the most important Jewish writer in the world since Franz Kafka.

Early life, emigration and Recife

Clarice Lispector was born Chaya Lispector in Chechelnyk, Podolia, a rural shtetl in the Ukrainian SSR. She was the youngest of three daughters of Pinkhas Lispector and Mania Krimgold Lispector. Her family suffered significantly in the pogroms that followed the collapse of the Russian Empire, circumstances later dramatized in her older sister Elisa Lispector's autobiographical novel No exílio (In Exile, 1948). They left in the winter of 1921, and they eventually managed to flee to Romania, from where they emigrated to Brazil, where her mother Mania had relatives. They sailed from Hamburg and arrived in Brazil in the early months of 1922, when Clarice was little more than one year old.

The Lispectors changed their names upon arrival. Pinkhas became Pedro; Mania became Marieta; Leah became Elisa, and Chaya became Clarice. Only the middle daughter, Tania (April 19, 1915 – November 15, 2007), kept her name. They first settled in the northeastern city of Maceió, Alagoas. Her mother, who was paralyzed, was in rapidly declining health during this period, possibly due to trauma-related hemiplegia (some speculate that Marieta was raped in the Ukraine pogroms, but this has not been confirmed), and, later, with tremors caused by Parkinson's disease. After three years, the Lispector family moved to the city of Recife, Pernambuco, settling in the neighbourhood of Boa Vista, where they lived at number 367 in the Praça Maciel Pinheiro and later in the Rua da Imperatriz.