伊斯泰斯·穆林斯

Eustace Clarence Mullins Jr. (March 9, 1923 – February 2, 2010) was an American writer, white supremacist, antisemitic conspiracy theorist, and Holocaust denier. He wrote a variety of articles, books, and pamphlets focused on conspiratorial subject matter over decades. His best-known work is The Secrets of The Federal Reserve, in which he alleged that several high-profile bankers had conspired to write the Federal Reserve Act for their own nefarious purposes, and then induced Congress to enact it into law.

A disciple of the poet Ezra Pound, he was involved with several far-right groups and movements, including the neo-fascist National Renaissance Party and the Patriot movement. A writer for numerous far-right periodicals over the decades, he began his writing career with Conde McGinley's antisemitic paper Common Sense. He also wrote for the National Renaissance Party's journal, the National Renaissance Bulletin, and the far-right paper Women's Voice.

He was known for frequently creating hoaxes, including the nonexistent book A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century and the fabricated speech Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World, which were widely spread in far-right publications. Mullins was also known for filing numerous, typically unsuccessful, lawsuits. The Southern Poverty Law Center described him as "a one-man organization of hate".

Early life

Eustace Clarence Mullins Jr. was born on March 9, 1923 in Roanoke, Virginia. He was the third child of Eustace Clarence Mullins and his wife Jane Catherine Muse. His father was a salesman in a retail clothing store. In 1934, he moved with his family to Staunton, Virginia.

In December 1942 he enlisted in the military as a Warrant Officer at Charlottesville, Virginia. He was a veteran of the United States Army Air Forces, serving thirty-eight months during World War II.

He attended Washington and Lee University, from which he graduated in 1949.

Career

Library of Congress and Ezra Pound

After college, he moved to Washington, D.C., where he worked at the Library of Congress as a photographic researcher. In 1950, Mullins helped Senator Joseph McCarthy research in making claims about Communist Party funding sources. He later stated that he believed McCarthy had "started to turn the tide against world communism".

In 1949 Mullins worked at the Institute for Contemporary Arts, where he met Ezra Pound's wife Dorothy, who introduced him to her husband. Pound was at the time incarcerated in St. Elizabeth's Hospital for the Mentally Ill. The two became friends; Mullins often visited the poet while he was detained, and for a time acted as his secretary. In 1951, Mullins wrote a short poetry collection, self-published, titled His Spirit-Tower.

Mullins created several one-man "letterhead" organizations, including the "Aryan League of America". In his correspondence with Pound, Mullins exclaimed "THE JEWS ARE BETRAYING US", in a letter written on Aryan League of America stationery. Later, he wrote a biography, This Difficult Individual Ezra Pound (1961), which literary critic Ira Nadel describes as "prejudiced and often melodramatic".

Shortly after The Secrets of The Federal Reserve came out in 1952, he was discharged by the Library of Congress for his writing and distribution of "violently anti-Semitic articles".

Far-right politics

Mullins was involved with a number of extremist right-wing and neofascist groups from the early 1950s through the 1990s. These included James H. Madole's organization, the National Renaissance Party (NRP). In the early 1950s Mullins regularly spoke in public at NRP demonstrations. His then-roommate was Matt Koehl, later the leader of the American Nazi Party but at that time head of the NRP's "Security Echelon Guard." Mullins wrote for the NRP's journal, National Renaissance Bulletin. He was a frequent speaker for the NRP and listed them among his affiliations in a 1956 press release. Ezra Pound expressed concerns that Mullins's close relationship with the NRP would tie him to the organization, as did Pound devotee John Kasper, but a rumored newspaper expose never materialized.

In the 1950s, Mullins began his career as an author writing for Conde McGinley’s antisemitic newspaper Common Sense, to which he was a frequent contributor. He also wrote for Lyrl Clark Van Hyning's Chicago-based antisemitic newsletter, Women's Voice.

From April 1953 until April 1954, Mullins was employed by the American Petroleum Industries Committee (APIC). He was cited in 1954 as a "neo-Fascist" by the House Un-American Activities Committee, which noted in particular his article "Adolph Hitler: An Appreciation", written in 1952, in which he compared Hitler to Jesus and described both as victims of Jews. In 1956 he sued the APIC for breach of contract, charging that the group had hired him as a sub rosa propagandist to undermine Zionism, but failed to live up to a verbal agreement to pay him $25,000 for his covert services. The APIC responded that Mullins had been hired “as one of several economist-writers in a subordinate capacity", and denied that he had been employed “in any capacity at any time for the purpose he [alleged].″ The lawsuit, like many others filed by Mullins over the years, was eventually dismissed. He also sued George E. Sokolsky, King Features Syndicate, and The Washington Post in 1961 over a story Sokolsky had written about him for King Features. The case was thrown out.

In the late 1950s Mullins also collaborated with "scientific racist" Robert Kuttner, an associate editor of Charles Lee Smith's magazine, The Truth Seeker, in theorizing Kuttner's ideas on white supremacy. They cofounded the Institute for Biopolitics in 1958 in order to popularize Kuttner's theories and their precursors in the work of Morley Roberts.

Mullins was also a painter. In 1962, he attempted to use one of his paintings, "Karl Marx Contemplating the Bust of Venus", to cover a $600 bill he owed to the IRS. He received no response.