生活与命运 (1980)

生命与命运（俄语：Жизнь и судьба，罗马化：Zhizn' i sud'ba ）是瓦西里·格罗斯曼创作的小说。该书于1959年在苏联写成，讲述了苏联物理学家维克托·什特鲁姆一家在伟大卫国战争期间的故事。 不过作者是通过小说表明普通苏联人在那个年代不得不与纳粹德国侵略者和本国的极权主义政权同时作斗争，并对斯大林主义进行批判。 因此，该书稿在当时的苏联遭到审查，直到20世纪80年代才得以出版，此时距离格罗斯曼去世已近二十年。该书先是在西方出版，后来苏联实施开放政策后该书也在苏联出版。

该小说的英语广播剧改编版于2011年9月18日至25日在BBC广播四台播出。该剧时长八小时，由简尼夫·班纳、大卫·田纳特、格蕾塔·斯卡基等人主演。

根据该书改编的十二集电视剧于2012年在俄罗斯电视台播出。 在某些国家，该剧也可在亚马逊Prime上观看。

Life and Fate (Russian: Жизнь и судьба, romanized: Zhizn' i sud'ba) is a novel by Vasily Grossman. Written in the Soviet Union in 1959, it narrates the story of the family of a Soviet physicist, Viktor Shtrum, during the Great Patriotic War, which is depicted as the struggle between two comparable totalitarian states. A multi-faceted novel, one of its main themes is the tragedy of the common people, who have to fight both the invaders and the totalitarianism of their own state. In 2021, the critic and editor Robert Gottlieb, writing in The New York Times, referred to Life and Fate as "the most impressive novel written since World War II."

Vasily Grossman, a Ukrainian Jew, was rejected for military service in 1941 and became a correspondent for the Soviet military paper Krasnaya Zvezda. He spent approximately 1,000 days on the front lines, roughly three of the four years of the conflict between the Germans and Soviets. He was one of the first journalists to write about the genocide of the Jewish people in Eastern Europe and was present at many famous battles. Life and Fate was his defining achievement, its writing in part motivated by guilt over the death of his mother in the Berdychiv massacre at Berdychiv (UkSSR) in September 1941.

Life and Fate is technically the second half of the author's conceived two-part book under the same title, with the first half published in 1952 under the title For A Just Cause. Although the first half, written by Grossman during the rule of Joseph Stalin, expresses loyalty to the regime, Life and Fate shows the political disillusion of the protagonist and sharply criticises Stalinism. For that reason, the manuscript was censored in the Soviet Union at the time and was only published in the 1980s, nearly two decades after Grossman's death, first in the West and then on Russian soil under glasnost.

Plot summary

Life and Fate is a sprawling account of life on the Eastern Front, with countless plotlines taking place simultaneously all across Russia and Eastern Europe. Although each story has a linear progression, the events are not necessarily presented in chronological order. Grossman will, for example, introduce a character, then ignore that character for hundreds of pages, and then return to recount events that took place the very next day. It is difficult to summarize the novel, but the plot can be boiled down to three basic plotlines: the Shtrum/Shaposhnikov family, the Battle of Stalingrad, and life in the prison camps of Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany. Although Life and Fate is divided into three parts, each of these plotlines is featured in each section.

Viktor Shtrum is a brilliant physicist who, with his wife, Lyudmila, and daughter, Nadya, has been evacuated from Moscow to Kazan. He is experiencing great difficulty with his work, as well as with his family. He receives a letter from his mother from inside a Nazi Jewish ghetto informing him that she is soon to be killed by the Germans. Lyudmila, meanwhile, goes to visit her son from her first marriage, Tolya, in an army hospital, but he dies before her arrival. When she returns to Kazan, she is extremely detached and seems still to be expecting Tolya's return. Viktor finds himself engaging in anti-Soviet conversations at the home of his colleague, Sokolov, partly to impress Sokolov's wife, Marya (Lyudmila's only friend). He consistently compares political situations to physics, and remarks that fascism (Nazism) and Stalinism are not so different. He later regrets these discussions out of fear that he will be denounced, an indiscretion that plagues his decision-making throughout the novel.