社会主义从空想到科学的发展 (1880)

《社会主义从空想到科学的发展》（德语：Die Entwicklung des Sozialismus von der Utopie zur Wissenschaft），作者为弗里德里希·恩格斯，内容主要为介绍科学社会主义的通俗作品，在1880年3月20日、4月20日、5月5日分为三部分以法文发表在《社会主义评论》中。1883年，发行德文版本，改用现在标题。其最早的中文翻译版本由朱镜我于1925年翻译。

简介

此著作由三部分组成，为恩格斯应保罗·拉法格请求，简化《反杜林论》为三个部分，初名为《空想社会主义和科学社会主义》。

全书分为3章，分别阐述不同内容：

首章概述社会主义思想的历史，通过评述圣西门、傅立叶、欧文三大空想社会主义者学说优缺点，阐明了科学社会主义的思想来源。其中，恩格斯认为该三位启蒙家并不是代表无产阶级的立场而进行社会主义改革，而是站在理想资产者的立场，从而推论法国革命仍然属于资产阶级的革命。这些早期的空想社会主义者对资产阶级的分析有一定的深刻性和反思性，但没有真正运用到唯物辩证法。

第二章提出了辩证法与形而上学的对立性，阐述黑格尔理论的局限性，主张马克思的唯物辩证法和剩余价值理论的创立才真正使社会主义从空想变成了科学。

第三章从历史唯物主义角度分析其科学社会主义的社会经济根源理论：生产以及随生产而来的产品交换是一切社会制度的基础。分析了资本主义生产方式、生产资料的占有等问题，说明了资本主义社会的基本矛盾为社会化大生产同资本主义生产资料的私人占有之间的矛盾，并主张因为该基本矛盾的无法根本解决，如果市场不加以控制，资本主义社会必然会遭到周期性的“经济危机”。并认为这种矛盾的解决只有通过无产阶级取得公共权力，并利用该权力把社会生产资料变为公共财产。

卡尔·马克思把该著作评价为“科学社会主义的入门”。

Socialism: Utopian and Scientific is a short book first published in 1880 by German-born socialist Friedrich Engels. The work was primarily extracted from a longer polemic work published in 1878, Anti-Dühring. It first appeared in French.

The title Socialism: Utopian and Scientific was adopted for the first English edition — the tenth language in which the book appeared. Intended as a popularization of Marxist ideas for a working class readership, the book was one of the fundamental publications of the international socialist movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, selling tens of thousands of copies.

Background

Throughout the decade of the 1860s, Karl Marx, close personal friend and political associate of Friedrich Engels, dedicated himself to the study of economics, culminating in the publication of the first volume of Das Kapital in 1867. Marx's lengthy and ponderous volume was extremely difficult for the average reader to penetrate, however, leading Engels to suggest to Marx in a letter of September 16, 1868 that a short popularized version of Das Kapital for a working class audience was urgently needed.

"If it is not written, some Moses or other will come along and do it and botch it up," Engels warned.

Marx concurred with Engels' assessment, suggesting "it would be a very good thing if you yourself wrote a small popular explanatory pamphlet." Engels went on to prepare a short summary of the central points of Das Kapital, but the pamphlet was never published. Nevertheless, the necessity for popularization of Marx's frequently turgid prose remained — a need finally addressed by Engels with the publication of the short work Socialism: Utopian and Scientific more than a decade later.

Publication history

Rather than a wholly new work, Socialism: Utopian and Scientific was an extract from a larger polemic work written in 1876, Herrn Eugen Dühring's Umwälzung der Wissenschaft (Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science), commonly known as Anti-Dühring. Three chapters were selected and arranged by Engels and translated into French by Paul Lafargue.

The resulting pamphlet was ultimately published in Paris in 1880 as Socialisme utopique et Socialisme scientifique (Utopian Socialism and Scientific Socialism). This French translation provided the source of multiple other language versions, including the English, Polish and Spanish editions.

The pamphlet was finally published in the original German in 1883. The German edition provided the source for additional translations in Italian, Russian, Danish, Dutch, and Romanian. The tardy release of an English edition in 1892 by Swan Sonnenschein & Co. thus marked the 10th language into which the book had been translated.

"I am not aware that any other Socialist work, not even our Communist Manifesto of 1848 or Marx's Capital, has been so often translated," Engels proudly noted at the time of the English edition's 1892 release.

The first American edition of the work was published by the Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP) in 1895 as part of its "People's Library," featuring a new translation by Daniel DeLeon. A new title was employed by DeLeon, Development of Socialism from Utopia to Science. The SLP edition was first reissued in February 1900 and reissued again at various subsequent dates.

The first American edition of the authorized translation by Edward Aveling was published in 1900 by Charles H. Kerr & Co. According to Kerr his firm sold "not less than 30,000" copies of the book between its first release and a new reissue in June 1908.

In his biography of Marx, Isaiah Berlin described it as “the best brief autobiographical appreciation of Marxism by one of its creators” and considered that, “written in Engels's best vein”, it “had a decisive influence on both Russian and German Socialism.”