鹖冠子 (1990)

鹖（hé）冠子是道家类著作，兼及法家与兵家，传为战国时期楚国隐士鹖冠子所作，有三卷十九篇。

《鹖冠子》一书作者不详，《史记》并没有提到《鹖冠子》，《汉书·艺文志》称作者是楚人，“居深山﹐以鹖为冠”。应劭《风俗通义》佚文也说:“鹖冠氏，楚贤人，以鹖为冠，因氏焉。鹖冠子著书。”《鹖冠子》一书大多阐述道家思想，也有天学、宇宙论等方面的内容。《汉书‧艺文志》著录一篇，列之于道家。今存《鹖冠子》十九篇本，为唐代陆佃所解。清人王人俊辑《鹖冠子佚文》一卷。

唐代柳宗元作《辩鹖冠子》一文，认为《鹖冠子》之《世兵篇》多同贾谊《𫛳赋》，又此书“尽鄙浅言也，吾意好事者伪为其书。”后世多认同此为伪书。是以长期以来《鹖冠子》备受冷遇。也有学者肯定《鹖冠子》，《四库提要》认为柳宗元不能仅“以单文孤证，遽断其伪”。吕思勉指出：“此书义精文古，决非后世所能伪为，全书多道、法二家论，与《管子》最相似。”1973年，马王堆汉墓出土大量帛书，有学者研究发现，《鹖冠子》与帛书相合，证明此书并非伪书。《鹖冠子·王𫓧篇》中有称县邑之长为啬夫，裘锡圭认为汉代县令已不再称啬夫，证明《鹖冠子》不会是汉以后的作品。

研究书目

Carine Defoort（戴卡琳）著，杨民译：《解读鹖冠子——从论辩学的角度》（沈阳：辽宁教育出版社，2000）。

戴卡琳：〈从措词明理艺术的角度来研究《鹖冠子》〉。

李学勤：〈《鹖冠子》与两种帛书〉。

The Heguanzi (Chinese: 鶡冠子; trans. "Master Pheasant Cap") is a circa 3rd century BCE syncretic collection of writings from the Chinese Hundred Schools of Thought, particularly the schools of Huang-Lao, Daoism, Legalism, and the Military. Assumed a forgery in later Imperial China, discovery of the 2nd-century BCE Han dynasty Mawangdui Silk Texts lead to renewed studies into its textual history and philosophical significance. The previously unknown Huang-Lao Silk Manuscripts have many passages similar and identical with the Heguanzi,

The 111 CE Book of Han history is the earliest extant source to mention the Heguanzi, yet the next reliable sources referring to it date from the early 6th century. In 805, the influential Tang dynasty writer Liu Zongyuan found a copy of the Heguanzi and disparaged it as a post-Han apocryphal forgery. His opinion was widely accepted by scholars for the next twelve centuries, during which the text was seldom read and infrequently mentioned.

Dating

The emerging consensus is that, although the Heguanzi text may be a composite of the writings of multiple authors representing various schools of thought, much if not all of it belongs to the late Warring States (475–221 BCE) to Han (202 BCE-220 CE) periods.

Several Heguanzi chapters (esp. 1 and 2) follow the strict naming taboo on writing a Chinese emperor's given name. During the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE), it was forbidden to write Qin Shi Huang's personal name zhēng (政; 'principal', 'governance') or the related word zhèng (正; "correct; proper; upright"), and duān (端; "correct; upright; erect") was substituted for both—demonstrating that the received version was at least partly redacted under Qin rule.

In December 1973, archaeologists working on the Mawangdui site, near Changsha, Hunan discovered a hoard of manuscripts written on silk scrolls in Mawangdui Tomb No. 3, which had been sealed up in 168 BCE. These now-famous "Mawangdui Silk Texts" included the earliest attested copies of Chinese classics such as the Yijing and two versions of the Daodejing, as well as previously unknown books on subjects including philosophy, astronomy, medicine, and military strategy.

The scroll with one of the Daodejing versions also included four manuscripts that strongly resembled the Heguanzi in thought and language. These were originally identified as the Huangdi Sijing (黃帝四經; "The Yellow Emperor's Four Classics"), a lost text that the Book of Han's Yiwenzhi section lists as a Daoist work in 4 pian, but most scholars now refer to them as the Huang-Lao boshu (黃老帛書; "Huang-Lao Silk Texts"). The Mawangdui silk manuscripts revealed that the forgotten Heguanzi, traditionally disregarded as a post-Han fake, was a vital key to understanding Huang-Lao thought within the Hundred Schools of pre-Qin philosophy.

Textual history

Han dynasty scholars first recorded the Heguanzi two thousand years ago. The librarian Liu Xin's 8 BCE Qilüe (七略; "Seven Summaries") bibliography listed the Heguanzi twice, under both School of Daoism and School of the Military. When the historian Ban Gu incorporated the Qilüe into the Book of Han's 78 CE Yiwenzhi bibliographical catalog of the Imperial Library, he eliminated the Heguanzi entry under School of the Military, noting "listed among titles deleted from this section as duplicated elsewhere"; included it, in 1 pian (篇; "chapter"), under School of Daoism, and gave the earliest biographical information about Master Pheasant Cap, "A man of Chu, lived deep in the mountains, wore a pheasant cap." The Yiwenzhi also lists two copies of a text called Pang Xuan (龐煖), i.e., Master Pang who was Master Pheasant Cap's disciple in the Heguanzi, a 2 pian version under School of Diplomacy and 3 pian one under School of the Military.