墨子 (2007)

《墨子》是中国战国时期的思想家墨子的著作，共五十三篇传世于今。《汉书·艺文志》云“墨子七十一篇”，现存《墨子》五十三篇，由墨子及其几代门徒逐渐增补而成，是研究墨子和墨家学说的基本材料。其中的《经上》、《经下》、《经说上》、《经说下》、《大取》、《小取》等6篇，一般称作《墨经》或《墨辩》，着重阐述认识论和逻辑学。墨子早在先秦时期创立了以几何学、力学、光学为突出成就的一整套科学理论。

《墨子》是阐述墨家思想的著作，原有71篇，现存53篇，一般认为是墨子的弟子及后学记录、整理、编纂而成。墨家的创始人墨子约公元前468年至公元前376年名翟，鲁国人，原是手工工匠，善于制造守城器械等，反对儒学，著作里写非儒，后创墨家学派，共同的领袖称为“巨子”；墨子死后，墨家分为三派，“有相里之墨，有相夫氏之墨，有邓陵之墨”。

《墨子》分两大部分：一部分是记载墨子言行，阐述墨子思想，主要反映了前期墨家的思想；另一部分《经上》、《经下》、《经说上》、《经说下》、《大取》、《小取》等6篇，一般称作墨辩或墨经，着重阐述墨家的认识论和逻辑思想，还包含许多自然科学的内容，反映了后期墨家的思想。

重要版本

玆按吴毓江《墨子校注》列其所见《墨子》在校勘上的重要版本如下：

注疏

以下收录部分重要的注疏类书籍。刊于学术刊物上的单篇学术文章除重要者外一般从略。

相关论著

下列部分《墨子》相关论著：

［清］孙诒让：《墨子间诂》

张纯一：《墨子集解》

王树瑉：《墨子校证》

张惠言：《墨子经说解》

谭戒甫：《墨辩发微》

高亨：《墨经校诠》

岑仲勉：《墨子城守各篇简注》

栾调甫:《墨子研究论文集》

杨向奎：《墨经数理研究》（济南：山东大学出版社，2000年）.

田中淡：〈《墨子》城守诸篇研究〉.

The Mozi (Chinese: 墨子), also called the Mojing (Chinese: 墨經) or the Mohist canon, is an ancient Chinese text from the Warring States period (476–221 BC) that expounds the philosophy of Mohism. It propounds such Mohist ideals as impartiality, meritocratic governance, economic growth and aversion to ostentation, and is known for its plain and simple language.

The book's chapters can be divided into several categories: a core of 31 chapters, containing the basics of Mohist philosophy; several traditionally known as the "Dialectical Chapters", among the most important in early Chinese texts on logic; five sections containing stories and information about Mozi, his disciples, and his followers; and eleven chapters on technology and defensive warfare, on which the Mohists were expert and which are valuable sources of information on ancient Chinese military technology. There two other minor sections: an initial group of seven chapters that are clearly of a much later date, and two anti-Confucian chapters, of which one has survived.

The Mohist philosophical school went into decline in the 3rd century BC, and copies of the Mozi were not well-preserved. The modern text has been described as "notoriously corrupt". Of the Mozi's 71 original chapters, 18 have been lost, and several others are badly fragmented.

Authorship

The Mozi, as well as the entire philosophical school of Mohism, is named for and traditionally ascribed to Mo Di, usually known as "Mozi" (Mandarin Chinese: Mòzǐ 墨子), meaning "Master Mo". Mozi is a figure from the 5th century BC about whom nothing is reliably known. Most sources describe him as being from the State of Lu—though one says he was from the State of Song—and say that he traveled around the various Warring States trying to persuade their rulers to stop attacking each other.

Mozi seems to have come from a humble family, and some elements of the book suggest that he may have been an artisan or craftsman, such as a carpenter. Some scholars have theorized that the name Mo (墨), which means "ink", may not be a surname, but may instead indicate that Mozi underwent the branding or tattooing that was used in ancient China as a form of criminal punishment.

Benjamin I. Schwartz took the Mozi's early chapters, deriving more directly from Mozi, as including concepts like "Rejecting Fatalism", "Heaven's Will", and "Universal Love". Its works on logic are "patently" a later development of the third century BC, though Mozi clearly values the mind and "illuminate" its original doctrine.

Content

The Mozi originally comprised 71 chapters. Of these, 18 have been lost and several others are damaged and fragmentary. The text of the book can be divided into six sections:

Chapters 1–7: a group of miscellaneous essays and dialogues that were clearly added at a later date and are somewhat incongruous with the rest of the book.

Chapters 8–37: a large group of chapters—of which seven are missing and three are fragmentary—that form the core Mozi chapters and elucidate the ten main philosophical doctrines of the Mohist school of thought. Mozi is frequently referenced and cited in these chapters.

Chapters 38–39: two chapters—of which only chapter 39 survives—entitled "Against Confucianism" (非儒; Fēi Rú), containing polemical arguments against the ideals of Confucianism. These chapters are sometimes grouped with chapters 8–37.

Chapters 40–45: a group of six chapters, often called the "Dialectical Chapters", which are some of the most unique writings of ancient China. They cover topics in logic, epistemology, ethics, geometry, optics, and mechanics. The "Dialectical Chapters" are dense and difficult, largely because the text is badly garbled and corrupted.

Chapters 46–51: six chapters—of which chapter 51, including even its title, has been lost—that contain stories and dialogues about Mozi and his followers. These chapters are probably of later date and are probably partly fictional.