诸蕃志 (1225)

《诸蕃志》是由南宋泉州市舶司提举赵汝适于宝庆元年（1225年）著成。《诸蕃志》分上下卷，卷上志国，卷下志物。

《诸蕃志》全书涉及158国家和地区，赵汝适本人未亲自访问，只是向到访中国的商人多方询问，“列其国名，道其风土，与夫道里之联属，山泽之畜产，译以华言，删其污渫，存其事实，名曰《诸蕃志》。”

《诸蕃志》的一些条目来自《岭外代答》（1178年）。

《文献通考》、《宋史》、《密斋笔记》等书都引用《诸蕃志》。

卷上志国

记述交趾国、占城国、真腊国、宾瞳龙国、登留眉国、蒲甘国、三佛齐国、单马令国、凌牙斯加国、佛罗安国、新拖国、监篦国、兰无里国、细兰、苏吉丹、南毗国、故临国 ，胡茶辣国、麻啰华国、注辇国、鹏茄罗国、南尼华啰国、大秦国、大食国、麻嘉国、弼琶啰国、 层拔国、 中理国、瓮蛮国、白达国、吉慈尼国、忽厮离国、木兰皮国、遏根陀国、茶弼沙国、斯伽里野国、默伽猎国、渤泥国、麻逸国、三屿国、蒲哩鲁国、流求国、毗舍邪国、新罗国、倭国等五十八个国；其中的“斯伽里野国”篇记述的是西西里岛的地理和岛上的活火山。这是中文古典典籍中最早记述意大利西西里岛和埃特纳火山的著作。

卷下志物

记述脑子、乳香、没药、血碣、金颜香、笃耨香、苏合香油、安息香、栀子花、蔷薇水、沉香、速暂香、黄熟香、生香、檀香、丁香、肉豆蔻、降真香、麝香木、波罗密、槟榔、椰子、没食子、吉贝、椰心簟、木香、白豆蔻、胡椒、荜澄茄、阿魏、芦荟、珊瑚树、琉璃、猫儿睛、砗磲、象牙、犀角、腽肭脐、鹦鹉、蝳瑁、龙涎、黄蜡等五十四篇。

版本

《永乐大典》本

《函海》本，乾隆、道光、光绪刻本。

《学津讨原》

《四库全书》本

1937年冯承钧注释本

杨博文注释：《诸蕃志校释》，中华书局出版，ISBN 7-101-02059-3

译本

《诸蕃志》有1911年德国汉学家夏德和美国汉学家柔克义合译的英文本1。

法国汉学家费琅在《苏门答腊古国考》一书中，曾将《诸蕃志·三佛齐国》全文译成法文2。

Zhu Fan Zhi (simplified Chinese: 诸蕃志; traditional Chinese: 諸蕃志; pinyin: Zhū Fān Zhì; Wade–Giles: Chu-fan-chi), variously translated as A Description of Barbarian Nations, Records of Foreign People, or other similar titles, is a 13th-century Song Dynasty work by Zhao Rukuo. The work is a collection of descriptions of countries and various products from outside China, and it is considered an important source of information on the people, customs and in particular the traded commodities of many countries in South East Asia and around the Indian Ocean during the Song Dynasty.

Background

The author Zhao Rukuo (1170-1231) was a member of the Song Dynasty imperial clan. He was posted to Fujian as a supervisor of the maritime trade in Quanzhou. While working in Fujian, he had the opportunity to meet merchants from various countries from whom he gathered information on various countries around the world. He also took note of the various products traded, studied the maps of the period, and together with the information he had learnt he wrote the book which was finished around 1225 CE. Zhao wrote: "Assigned to this post recently, I spend all day reading various maps... I listed names of these countries and their customs... I removed hearsay and kept facts. I thus name this book Zhu Fan Zhi."

Many entries of the Zhu Fan Zhi take information from other older works, such as Zhu Yu's Pingzhou Ketan (萍洲可談) from 1116, Duan Chengshi's 9th century Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang, and other works. In particular it borrowed heavily from the 1178 work Lingwai Daida by another geographer, Zhou Qufei (Chinese: 周去非; pinyin: Zhōu Qùfēi; Wade–Giles: Chou Ch'ü-fei). However, a significant part of the book came from information Zhao gathered from foreign and Chinese traders. As he himself had not travelled overseas, the information he collected is necessarily secondhand, unlike other works such as Daoyi Zhilüe written by Wang Dayuan of the Yuan Dynasty who had travelled overseas to observe other countries at firsthand. Nevertheless, the book contains valuable information on various countries and traded products of the 13th century to modern scholars.

Though the original book was lost, extracts were found in other compilations and annals, and its content was also incorporated into the 15th century Yongle Encyclopedia. Extracts from the Yongle Encyclopedia were then recompiled by Li Diaoyuan (李調元) for inclusion in his collection known as Han Hai (函海) in 1781.

Content

The book is divided into two volumes. The first volume gives a description of various countries and the customs of the local people, the second volume provides information on trade goods available from those countries. Some of the information given in the book are fanciful tales, for example the description of the giant bird of Madagascar as being so big that it can swallow a camel whole, and he may have incorporated inaccurate information from other Chinese written sources (for example, the tale of the giant bird of Madagascar may have come from Lingwai Daida), but much of his own sources appear to be generally accurate.

Volume 1

In volume 1, 58 countries and regions are given.

The countries recorded include places and kingdoms in South East Asia, such as Jiaozhi (交趾, northern Vietnam), Champa (占城), Chenla (眞臘, here referring to the Khmer Empire), Langkasuka (凌牙斯加), Sanfoqi (三佛齊, Palembang), Java (闍婆), Kediri), Bagan (蒲甘, Burma), and Mayi (麻逸, the Philippines). Japan, Korea and Taiwan in East Asia, and countries in the Indian subcontinent such as Huchala (胡茶辣, Gujarat), Nanpi (南毗, Malabar) and Zhunian (注輦, Chola) are also mentioned. It also gives more information than previously available in Chinese sources on the Islamic world and their products. The country of Dashi (大食, the Arabs) is described as an extensive realm covering many territories (24 given in the book) with its capital in Egypt, and included Baida (白達, Baghdad); Wengman (甕蠻 Oman); Majia (麻嘉, Mecca); Jicini (吉慈尼, Ghazni) and others.