犹太战记

犹太战争或犹大战争（一般缩写为JW, BJ或War）（全称弗拉维乌斯-约瑟夫的《犹太人对罗马人的战争史书》，希腊文ΦλαυίουἸωσπουἱστουδαἸουδαϊκοῦπολμουπρὸς βιβλία，Phlauiou Iōsēpou historia Ioudaikou polemou pros Rōmaious biblia），英文也被称为《犹太人的战争》，是1世纪罗马-犹太教历史学家约瑟夫所写的书。它被史蒂夫-梅森描述为 "也许是西方历史上最具影响力的非圣经文本"。

本书分为七册，开篇概述了从公元前168年塞琉球统治者安提阿古斯四世-以弗所尼法尼占领耶路撒冷到第一次犹太-罗马战争的最初阶段（第一和第二册）的犹太历史。接下来的五本书详细叙述了战争的展开，在罗马将军维斯帕西安和提图斯的带领下，直到最后一个西卡里人的死亡。这本书大约写于公元75年，最初是用约瑟夫的 "父系语言"--亚拉玛语或希伯来语--尽管这个版本已经不复存在。它后来被翻译成希腊文，可能是在约瑟夫本人的监督下翻译的。Buth和Pierce写道："现在的希腊文版本似乎不是翻译，而是必须被认为是一个新的版本，是对第一部著作的完整再创作，很可能是一个相当大的扩充。"

第一次犹太-罗马战争的来源有：约瑟夫的这段记载、《塔木德》（Gittin 57b）、《Midrash Eichah》和希伯来人铸币上的铭文，以及塔西佗的《史记》第五册。

这段文字还存活着一个旧斯拉夫语版本，以及希伯来语版本，其中包含了希腊语版本中没有的材料，而希伯来语版本中缺乏其他材料。

The Jewish War is a seven-book history of the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE), written by the Jerusalem-born Jewish priest, military commander, and historian Josephus. A former commander of Jewish rebel forces in Galilee who later surrendered to and allied himself with the Roman general (and future emperor) Vespasian, Josephus composed the work in the late 70s CE. The narrative opens with a summary of Jewish history from the Maccabean Revolt through the reigns of the Hasmoneans, the Herodians, and the period of direct Roman rule. It then narrates in detail the revolt's outbreak, infighting among Jewish factions, the Roman military campaigns under Vespasian and his son Titus, and the eventual siege and destruction of Jerusalem and its Temple in 70 CE, concluding with the fall of the fortress of Masada in 73/74 CE.

Josephus writes that the work was first composed in his paternal tongue (either Aramaic or Hebrew) for Jewish audiences in the eastern diaspora, before he produced the surviving Greek version with the help of literary assistants. Because Josephus wrote under the patronage of the Flavian dynasty, historians have long debated the work's reliability, noting its tendency to place blame for the devastation on Jewish rebel factions. Nevertheless, the work expresses sympathy for Jewish suffering and defends Judaism to a Greco-Roman readership.

As the only extensive eyewitness narrative of the revolt to survive antiquity, The Jewish War is a foundational source for the late Second Temple period of Jewish history. It remains central to archaeological and historical study of sites such as Jerusalem, Yodfat, Gamla, and Masada. The text survives through the Christian manuscript tradition, and it has shaped later portrayals of the war, informing works such as Josephus's own Antiquities of the Jews as well as centuries of historiography on the fall of Jerusalem.

Content

Divided into seven books, it opens with a summary of Jewish history from the capture of Jerusalem by the Seleucid emperor Antiochus IV Epiphanes in 168 BC to the first stages of the First Jewish–Roman War, books I and II. The next five books detail the unfolding of the war, under Roman generals Vespasian and Titus, to the death of the last Sicarii. The book was written about 75 AD, originally in Josephus' "paternal tongue" – either Aramaic or Hebrew – though this version has not survived. It was later translated into Greek, probably under the supervision of Josephus himself. Buth and Pierce wrote, "The current Greek edition does not appear to be a translation, but must be considered a new edition, a complete re-working of the first writing and likely a considerable expansion."

The sources of the First Jewish–Roman War are this account of Josephus, the Babylonian Talmud tractate Gittin 57b, Lamentations Rabbah, the Hebrew inscriptions on the First Jewish Revolt coinage, and Book V of Tacitus' Histories.

The text also survives in an Old Slavonic version, as well as Hebrew, which contains material not found in the Greek version and lacking other material in the Greek version.