伊万·亚历山德罗维奇·冈察洛夫

伊凡·亚历山德罗维奇·冈察洛夫（俄语：Ива́н Алекса́ндрович Гончаро́в，罗马化：Ivan Alexandrovich Goncharov，儒略历1812年6月6日－1891年9月15日，合格里历1812年6月18日—1891年9月27日），俄罗斯小说家，代表作有《奥勃洛莫夫》（1859年）等。

生平

冈察洛夫在辛比尔斯克（今乌里扬诺夫斯克）出生，父亲是富裕的商人。1831年他进入莫斯科大学语文系，1834年大学毕业后到政府工作达30年。1847年，冈察洛夫创作的第一部小说《平凡的故事》出版,描写一个地主少爷顺应资本主义兴起的局势，成为一个实业家的故事，赢得了评论家别林斯基的好评。1849年他发表了中篇《奥勃洛莫夫的梦》。1852年至1855年间作为海军中将叶夫菲米·普佳京的秘书随他航行到英格兰、非洲和日本，后经西伯利亚返回俄罗斯。冈察洛夫据此旅途写作的游记《战舰“巴拉达”号》在1858年出版，翌年在《祖国纪事》上又发表长篇小说《奥勃洛莫夫》，大获好评。1867年，他辞去政府职务，并发表他最后一部长篇小说《悬崖》（1869年）。冈察洛夫终身未婚，1891年在圣彼得堡逝世。

Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov ( GON-chə-rof, US also -⁠rawf; Russian: Ива́н Алекса́ндрович Гончаро́в, IPA: [ɪˈvan ɐlʲɪkˈsandrəvʲɪdʑ ɡənʲtɕɪˈrof]; 18 June [O.S. 6 June] 1812 – 27 September [O.S. 15 September] 1891) was a Russian novelist best known for his novels The Same Old Story (1847, also translated as A Common Story), Oblomov (1859), and The Precipice (1869, also translated as Malinovka Heights). He also served in many official capacities, including the position of censor.

Goncharov was born in Simbirsk into the family of a wealthy merchant; as a reward for his grandfather's military service, they were elevated to the Russian nobility. He was educated at a boarding school, then the Moscow College of Commerce, and finally at Moscow State University. After graduating, he served for a short time in the office of the Governor of Simbirsk, before moving to Saint Petersburg where he worked as government translator and private tutor, while publishing poetry and fiction in private almanacs. Goncharov's first novel, The Same Old Story, was published in Sovremennik in 1847.

Goncharov's second and best-known novel, Oblomov, was published in 1859 in Otechestvennye zapiski. His third and final novel, The Precipice, was published in Vestnik Evropy in 1869. He also worked as a literary and theatre critic. Towards the end of his life Goncharov wrote a memoir called An Uncommon Story, in which he accused his literary rivals, first and foremost Ivan Turgenev, of having plagiarized his works and prevented him from achieving European fame. The memoir was published in 1924. Fyodor Dostoevsky, among others, considered Goncharov an author of high stature. Anton Chekhov is quoted as stating that Goncharov was "...ten heads above me in talent."

Early life

Goncharov was born on 6 June 1812 (O.S.) in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk). His father, Aleksander Ivanovich Goncharov, was a wealthy grain merchant and a state official who served several terms as mayor of Simbirsk. The family's big stone manor in the town center occupied a large area and had all the characteristics of a rural manor, with huge barns (packed with wheat and flour) and numerous stables. Alexander Ivanovich died when Ivan was seven years old. He was educated first by his mother, Avdotya Matveevna, and then his godfather Nikolay Nikolayevich Tregubov, a nobleman and a former Russian Navy officer.

Tregubov, a man of liberal views and a secret Masonic lodge member, who knew some of the Decembrists personally, and who was one of the most popular men amongst the Simbirsk intelligentsia, was a major early influence upon Goncharov, who particularly enjoyed his seafaring stories. With Tregubov around, Goncharov's mother could focus on domestic affairs. "His servants, cabmen, the whole household merged with ours; it was a single family. All the practical issues were now mother's, and she proved to be an excellent housewife; all the official duties were his," Ivan Goncharov remembered.

Education

In 1820–1822 Goncharov studied at a private boarding-school owned by Rev. Fyodor S. Troitsky. It was here that he learned the French and German languages and started reading European writers, borrowing books from Troitsky's vast library. In August 1822, Ivan was sent to Moscow and entered the College of Commerce. There he spent eight unhappy years, detesting the low quality of education and the severe discipline, taking solace in self-education. "My first humanitarian and moral teacher was Nikolai Karamzin", he remembered. Then Pushkin came as a revelation; the serial publication of his poem Eugene Onegin captured the young man's imagination. In 1830, Goncharov decided to quit the college, and in 1831 (having missed one year because of a cholera outbreak in Moscow), he enrolled in Moscow State University's Philology Faculty to study literature, arts, and architecture.