被背叛的革命 (1936)

《被背叛的革命：苏联是什么以及它将走向何方？》（俄语：Преданная революция: Что такое СССР и куда он идет?），又译《被背叛了的革命：苏联的现状及其前途》，是1936年8月流亡的苏联领导人列夫·托洛茨基在法国发表的一本书。该书分析并批评自1924年弗拉基米尔·列宁去世后苏联历史的发展进程，被视为托洛茨基分析斯大林主义的本质的主要著作。该书是托洛茨基在流亡挪威期间写成的。该书最初由维克托·塞尔日翻译成西班牙语。最流行的英语版本是马克斯·沙赫特曼翻译的版本。

主要内容

该书强烈否认约瑟夫·斯大林统治下的苏联是社会主义国家，认为它实际上是一个介于资本主义与社会主义之间的社会。托洛茨基认为新的社会分化和特权阶层已经在苏联出现。他批评苏联的党和国家已经官僚化，并背叛十月革命；呼吁苏联人民进行“政治革命”，以武力推翻“官僚阶层的统治”。

托洛茨基还提出，社会主义社会应具备以下标准：

实行完全的社会所有制；

彻底消灭一切阶级；

国家不复存在；

劳动生产率和国民人均收入超过最发达的资本主义国家；

消除社会不平等，建立生产和分配的平衡制度；

实现彻底的妇女解放。

这本书集中反映包括“不断革命论”在内的托洛茨基的各种思想观点。

The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and Where is it Going? (Russian: Преданная революция: Что такое СССР и куда он идет?, romanized: Predannaya revolyutsiya: Chto takoye SSSR i kuda on idet?) is a book published in 1936 by the former Soviet leader Leon Trotsky.

The book criticized the Soviet Union's actions and development following the death of Vladimir Lenin in 1924. The book is regarded as Trotsky's primary work dealing with the nature of Stalinism and socialist democracy. The book was written by Trotsky during his exile in Norway and was originally translated into Spanish by Victor Serge. The most widely available English translation is by Max Eastman.

Trotsky also argued in the book for the restoration of the right of criticism in areas such as economic matters, the revitalization of trade unions and free elections of multiple Soviet parties. Trotsky further contended that the excessive totalitarianism under Stalin had undermined the potential development of the Soviet Union.

Historical background

Leon Trotsky (born Lev Davidovich Bronstein, 1879–1940) was one of the leaders of the October Revolution which brought the Bolsheviks to power in Russia in 1917. In 1900, as a leading Marxist theoretician and revolutionary, Trotsky was exiled to Siberia for his socialist activities against the Russian Empire. In 1905, Trotsky returned to Russia for the 1905 Russian Revolution, where his oratory skills made him a leading figure in the Saint Petersburg Soviet. He was arrested by the Tsarist police authorities in December 1905. After again escaping Tsarist Russia for continental Europe, Trotsky politically transitioned from supporting the Menshevik wing of the RSDLP to advocating for the unity of social-democratic factions in 1913 with the establishment of the Mezhraiontsy, the Inter-District Organization of United Social-Democrats.

The virtual collapse of the old Tsarist regime during the latter part of World War I motivated the Mezhraiontsy and Bolsheviks, headed by Vladimir Lenin, to cooperate. In early 1917, Trotsky returned to Russia from exile in New York to join the Bolshevik party's governing Central Committee. Trotsky played an important role in laying the groundwork for the seizure of power from the Russian Provisional Government headed by Alexander Kerensky, on November 7 [O.S. October 25], 1917. Trotsky had become the head of the Petrograd Soviet in early October and had built the institution's Military-Revolutionary Committee into a fighting force.

Following the dissolution of the Kerensky government, Trotsky was named the first People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR of Soviet Russia. In April 1918, Trotsky was named People's Commissar for War and the Navy. In this role, Trotsky built the Red Army which would defend the new social-democrat regime against anti-Bolshevik factions in the Russian Civil War.

In 1923, Lenin retired from active political life following a series of strokes. Lenin's death in January 1924 ushered in an interregnum during which several leading political candidates competed for leadership. Lenin's longtime associate and Communist International chief Grigory Zinoviev, Moscow party leader Lev Kamenev, nationalities expert and party organization secretary Joseph Stalin, and military leader Trotsky were recognised as the leading contenders for party and state primacy. Trotsky's eloquence, popularity and role within the military led the other three contenders to form a temporary alliance against him.