反俄狄浦斯 (1972)

《反俄狄浦斯：资本主义与精神分裂（卷一）》（法语： L'Anti-Œdipe：Capitalisme et schizophrénie 1）是法国哲学家吉尔·德勒兹与精神分析家菲力斯·伽塔利于1972年合作出版的一本书，美国版序言由米歇尔·福柯所写。它是《资本主义与精神分裂》的第一卷，第二卷为《千高原》。

德勒兹和伽塔利在这本书中进行了对欲望与现实（特别是与资本主义社会）的关系，这些分析涉及到心理学，经济学，社会和历史等多个领域。他们概述了以无意识为基础的唯物主义精神病学及其与社会和生产过程的关系，并提出欲望生产的概念（与他们另外两个概念欲望机器和无器官的身体密切相关）。同时他们也在这部书中对西格蒙德·弗洛伊德所提出之精神分析进行批判，并着重于其中的俄狄浦斯情结进而展开到精神分析理论中的其他部分。此外，他们还通过“原始”，“亚细亚生产方式”和“资本主义生产关系”等概念对马克思主义至关重要的历史唯物主义理论进行了发展和重构。以及作为二人合作的重要批判性实践理论，精神分裂分析也在这部书中首次被阐发而出，现在这个概念，一般被用作与经典精神分析的区别研究以及后结构与后现代主义的个性文化及心理研究。通过这部书的努力，二人将社会科学与分析心理学分别推向了“后结构主义”及“精神分裂分析学”的新高度。

《反俄狄浦斯》出版之时便在学界引起了巨大的轰动并随之成为一部名著，就和利奥塔出版于1974年的著作《力比多经济》一样，它被视为是欲望的微观-政治论述中的关键文本。尽管“精神分裂分析”出于多种原因被认为是存在缺陷的——包括德勒兹和伽塔利对精神分裂症的解放性主张——但它同时也被认为深深打击了20世纪70年代在法国学界流行的拉康主义运动。

Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia (French: Capitalisme et schizophrénie. L'anti-Œdipe) is a 1972 book by French authors Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, the former a philosopher and the latter a psychoanalyst. It is the first volume of their collaborative work Capitalism and Schizophrenia (1972), the second being A Thousand Plateaus (1980).

In the book, Deleuze and Guattari critique contemporary French uses of psychoanalysis and historical materialism by repurposing their concepts in the development of schizoanalysis, a loose critical practice initiated from the standpoint of schizophrenia and psychosis as well as from the social progress that capitalism has spurred. Schizoanalysis is described as a "materialist psychiatry" modeled on the unconscious regarded as an aggregate of productive processes of desire, incorporating their concept of desiring-production which interrelates desiring-machines and bodies without organs, to detail their different organizations of social production, "recording surfaces", coding, territorialization and the act of "inscription". They refer to psychoanalysis, economics, the creative arts, literature, anthropology and history in engagement with these concepts.

Friedrich Nietzsche's ideas of the will to power and eternal recurrence also have roles in how Deleuze and Guattari describe schizophrenia; the book extends from much of Deleuze's prior thinking in Difference and Repetition and The Logic of Sense that utilized Nietzsche's ideas to explore a radical conception of becoming. Deleuze and Guattari also draw on and criticize the philosophies and theories of: Spinoza, Kant, Charles Fourier, Charles Sanders Peirce, Carl Jung, Melanie Klein, Karl Jaspers, Lewis Mumford, Karl August Wittfogel, Wilhelm Reich, Georges Bataille, Louis Hjelmslev, Jacques Lacan, Gregory Bateson, Pierre Klossowski, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Jacques Monod, Louis Althusser, Victor Turner, Jean Oury, Jean-François Lyotard, Michel Foucault, Frantz Fanon, R. D. Laing, David Cooper, and Pierre Clastres.

They additionally draw on authors and artists whose works demonstrate their concept of schizophrenia as "the universe of productive and reproductive desiring-machines", such as Antonin Artaud, Samuel Beckett, Georg Büchner, Samuel Butler, D. H. Lawrence, Henry Miller, Marcel Proust, Arthur Rimbaud, Daniel Paul Schreber, Adolf Wölfli, Vaslav Nijinsky, Gérard de Nerval and J. M. W. Turner.

Thus, given the richness and diversity of the source material it draws upon and the grand task it sets out to accomplish, Anti-Oedipus can, as Michel Foucault suggests in the preface to the text, "best be read as an 'art,'" and it would be a "mistake to read [it] as the new theoretical reference" in philosophy.

Anti-Oedipus became a sensation upon publication and was widely celebrated, creating shifts in contemporary philosophy. It is seen as a key text in the "micropolitics of desire", alongside Lyotard's Libidinal Economy. It has been credited with devastating Lacanianism due to its unorthodox criticism of the movement.

Summary

Schizoanalysis

Deleuze and Guattari's "schizoanalysis" is a social and political analysis that responds to what they see as the reactionary tendencies of psychoanalysis. It proposes a functional evaluation of the direct investments of desire—whether revolutionary or reactionary—in a field that is social, biological, historical, and geographical. Deleuze and Guattari develop four theses of schizoanalysis:

Every unconscious libidinal investment is social and bears upon a socio-historical field.

Unconscious libidinal investments of group or desire are distinct from preconscious investments of class or interest.

Non-familial libidinal investments of the social field are primary in relation to familial investments.

Social libidinal investments are distinguished according to two poles: a paranoiac, reactionary, fascisizing pole and a schizoid revolutionary pole.