默里·布克钦

默里·布克钦（英语：Murray Bookchin，1921年1月14日—2006年7月30日），美国公社主义者、政治哲学家、工会领导人和教育家，环保运动先驱。布克钦借助无政府主义、自由意志社会主义、社会主义和生态思想，制定并发展了社会生态学和城市规划的理论。他著有二十多本著作，涉及政治、哲学、历史、城市事务和社会生态学等主题。其中最重要的包括《我们的综合环境》（1962年）、《后稀缺无政府主义》（1971年）、《自由的生态学》（1982年）和《无城市的城市化》（1987年）。1990年代末起，他对他所看到的当代无政府主义运动中日益去政治化的“生活方式主义”感到失望，不再称自己为无政府主义者，并创立了自己的自由意志社会主义意识形态公社主义，并以此尝试调和马克思主义与无政府主义思想。

布克钦是一位杰出的反资本主义者，主张按照生态和民主的路线进行社会分权。他的思想自20世纪60年代以来一直影响着各类社会运动，包括新左翼、反核运动、反全球化运动、占领华尔街，以及最近罗贾瓦的民主邦联主义。他是美国绿党运动和伯灵顿绿党的核心人物。

Murray Bookchin (January 14, 1921 – July 30, 2006) was an American social theorist, author, orator, historian, and political philosopher. Influenced by the works of G. W. F. Hegel, Karl Marx, and Peter Kropotkin, he was a pioneer in the environmental movement. Bookchin formulated and developed the theory of social ecology and urban planning within anarchist, libertarian socialist, and ecological thought. He was the author of two dozen books covering topics in politics, philosophy, history, urban affairs, and social ecology. Among the most important were Our Synthetic Environment (1962), Post-Scarcity Anarchism (1971), The Ecology of Freedom (1982), and Urbanization Without Cities (1987). In the late 1990s, he became disenchanted with what he saw as an increasingly apolitical "lifestylism" of the contemporary anarchist movement, stopped referring to himself as an anarchist, and founded his own libertarian socialist ideology called "communalism", which seeks to reconcile and expand Marxist, syndicalist, and anarchist thought.

Bookchin was a prominent anti-capitalist, anti-fascist and advocate of social decentralization along ecological and democratic lines. His ideas have influenced social movements since the 1960s, including the New Left, the anti-nuclear movement, the anti-globalization movement, Occupy Wall Street, and the democratic confederalism of the Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava). He was a central figure in the American green movement. An autodidact who never attended college, he is considered to be one of the most important left theorists of the twentieth century.

Biography

Background and early life (1921–1930)

Bookchin was born on 1921 in New York City to Nathan Bookchin (born Nacham Wisotsky) and his first wife, Rose (Kalusky) Bookchin, Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire. His father was from Mazyr (now Belarus) and his mother from Vilnius (Lithuania). He was embarrassed by his given name Mortimore and went by his childhood nickname, Murray. His father adopted the name of a relative, Bukczin, and anglicized it to Bookchin. His parents divorced in 1934. He grew up in the Bronx with his mother, uncle Daniel, and maternal grandmother, Zeitel, a Socialist Revolutionary who imbued him with Russian populist ideas.

Early political involvement and personal life (1930–1947)

After his grandmother's death in 1930, he joined the Young Pioneers of America, the Communist youth organization (for children 9 to 14) and the Young Communist League (for youths) in 1935. He attended the Workers School near Union Square, where he studied Marxism. In the late 1930s, he broke with Stalinism and gravitated toward Trotskyism, joining the Socialist Workers Party (SWP). In the early 1940s, he worked in a foundry in Bayonne, New Jersey, where he was a trade union organizer and shop steward for the United Electrical Workers as well as a recruiter for the SWP. Within the SWP, he adhered to the Goldman-Morrow faction, which broke away after the war ended. He was an auto worker and UAW member at the time of the great General Motors strike of 1945–46. In 1949, while speaking to a Zionist youth organization at City College, Bookchin met a mathematics student, Beatrice Appelstein, whom he married in 1951. They were married for 12 years and lived together for 35, remaining close friends and political allies for the rest of his life. They had two children, Debbie and Joseph. On religious views, Bookchin was an atheist, but was considered to be tolerant of religious views.