伊凡·伊利奇

伊万·多明尼克·伊里奇（德语：Ivan Dominic Illich；1926年9月4日—2002年12月2日），奥地利克罗地亚裔哲学家、罗马天主教神父。他是现代西方文化制度的批评者，包括当代教育、医疗、工作、能源使用、交通和经济发展各方面。 伊万·伊里奇1971年出版的 《去学校化社会》（Deschooling Society）一书引起了公众关注。该书是对强制性的义务教育的突破性批评。他认为，学校制度的压迫性结构无法改革，必须废除，以便使人类摆脱终身制度化的破坏性影响。

生平

1926年9月4日，伊万·伊里奇出生于奥地利首都维也纳，父亲是克罗地亚人，母亲是塞法迪犹太人。外祖母来自美国德克萨斯州。伊里奇会流利地说意大利语、西班牙语、法语和德语，后来他又学习克罗地亚语（祖父的语言）、古希腊语、拉丁语，以及葡萄牙语、印地语、英语和其他语言。他在意大利佛罗伦萨大学学习组织学和晶体学，在罗马宗座额我略大学学习神学和哲学（1942至1946年），在奥地利萨尔茨堡大学学习中世纪历史。

Ivan Dominic Illich ( iv-AHN IL-itch; German: [ˈiːvan ˈɪlɪtʃ]; 4 September 1926 – 2 December 2002) was an Austrian Catholic priest, theologian, philosopher, and social critic. His 1971 book Deschooling Society criticises modern society's institutional approach to education, an approach that he argued demotivates and alienates individuals from the process of learning. His 1975 book Medical Nemesis, importing to the sociology of medicine the concept of medical harm, in which he argues that industrialised society impairs quality of life through processes such as overmedicalisation, the pathologisation of normal conditions, and increased dependency on medical institutions. Illich called himself "an errant pilgrim."

Biography

Early life

Ivan Dominic Illich was born on 4 September 1926 in Vienna, Austria, to Ivan Peter and Ellen Rose (née Regenstreif-Ortlieb) Illich. His father was a civil engineer and a diplomat from a landed Catholic family of Dalmatia, with property in the city of Split and wine and olive oil estates on the island of Brač. His mother came from a Sephardic Jewish family that had converted to Christianity from Germany and Austria-Hungary (Czernowitz, Bukowina). Ellen Illich was baptized Lutheran but converted to Catholicism upon marriage. Her father, Friedrich "Fritz" Regenstreif, was an industrialist who made his money in the lumber trade in Bosnia, later settling in Vienna, where he built an art nouveau villa.

His mother traveled to Vienna so that the best doctors could attend during childbirth; Ivan's father was not living in Central Europe at the time. When Ivan was three months old, he was taken along with his nurse to Split, Dalmatia (by then part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia), to be shown to his paternal grandfather. There he was baptized on 1 December 1926. In 1928 his twin brothers Alexander and Michael, were born. In 1932 his parents divorced, and his mother took all three children back to her father's house in Vienna.

Education in Italy

In 1942, after his grandfather's death, when Ivan was 16 years old, his mother fled with him and his brothers from Vienna, Austria for Florence, Italy, to escape the Nazi persecution of Jews.

Illich finished high school in Florence, and then went on to study histology and crystallography at the local University of Florence. Hoping to return to Austria following World War II, he enrolled in a doctorate in medieval history at the University of Salzburg with the hope of gaining legal residency as he was undocumented. He wrote a dissertation focusing on the historian Arnold J. Toynbee, a subject to which he would return in his later years. While working on his doctorate, he returned to Italy where he studied theology and philosophy at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, as he wanted to become a Catholic priest. In 1951, he was ordained as a Catholic priest in Rome and offered his first Mass in the catacombs where the early Roman Christians hid from their persecutors.

Career

A polyglot, Illich spoke Italian, Spanish, French, and German fluently. He later learned Croatian, the language of his grandfathers, then Ancient Greek and Latin, in addition to Portuguese, Hindi, English, and other languages.

Following his ordination in 1951, he moved to the United States in order to pursue postgraduate studies at Princeton University. However, he deviated from these plans in order to become a parish priest at the Church of the Incarnation in Washington Heights, Manhattan, at that time a barrio of newly-arrived Puerto Rican immigrants. At Incarnation, Illich preached under the name of "John Illich", at the suggestion of the parish's pastor, who said that the name Ivan "sounded communist". At Incarnation, Illich became known as an ally of the Puerto Rican community, organizing cultural outlets for them, such as the San Juan Fiesta, a celebration of Puerto Rico and its patron saint which eventually evolved into the still-extant Puerto Rican Day Parade.