保罗·策兰

保罗·策兰（德语：Paul Celan；1920年11月23日—1970年4月20日），本名保罗·安切尔（Paul Antschel），法国籍布科维纳犹太诗人、翻译家。策兰出生于布科维纳切尔诺夫策（现属乌克兰），是二次大战后最重要的德语诗人之一。

生平

1920年，策兰出生于布科维纳切尔诺夫策（当时位于罗马尼亚境内，现属乌克兰）的一个德语犹太家庭。他的父亲列奥·安切尔信奉锡安主义，坚持让策兰在 Safah Ivriah（一种早年接受奥地利文化同化的机构，1927年曾顺利接待世界犹太复国主义组织的哈伊姆·魏茨曼）以希伯来语接受教育。他的母亲弗莉茨则十分热爱德语文学，也因此促使德语成为策兰家的母语。1933年行受戒后，策兰不再尊崇锡安主义（至少在某种程度上）、结束他的正规希伯来式教育，转而投身犹太社会主义组织，并支援西班牙内战中的共和思想。策兰最早为众人所知的诗篇《Mother's Day 1938》便表现了他坚定的意志。

1938年去法国学医，1942年父母死于集中营，策兰虽幸免于难，但被德军征为苦力。1958年年，获不来梅文学奖，2年后又获得格奥尔格·毕希纳奖。策兰的代表作为长诗《死亡赋格》（1945），收入诗集《骨灰罐里倒出来的沙》（1948）。

1948年移居巴黎，1970年自溺于塞纳-马恩河。

Paul Celan (; German: [ˈtseːlaːn]; born Paul Antschel; 23 November 1920 – c. 20 April 1970) was a German-speaking Romanian poet, Holocaust survivor, and literary translator. He adopted his pen name (an anagram of the Romanian spelling Ancel) following the war and resided in France from 1949, becoming a naturalized French citizen in 1955.

Celan is regarded as one of the most important figures in German-language literature of the post-World War II era and a poet whose verse has gained an immortal place in the literary pantheon. Celan's poetry, with its many radical poetic and linguistic innovations, is characterized by a complicated and cryptic style that deviates from poetic conventions.

Life

Early life

Celan was born into a German-speaking Jewish family in Cernăuți, Bukovina, a region then part of Romania and earlier part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (when his birthplace was known as Czernowitz). His first home was in the Wassilkogasse in Cernăuți. His father, Leo Antschel, was a Zionist who advocated his son's education in Hebrew at the Jewish school Safah Ivriah (meaning the Hebrew language). Celan's mother, Friederike (Fritzi) Antschel née Schrager, was an avid reader of German literature who insisted Austrian German be the language of the household. In his teens, Celan became active in Jewish Socialist organizations and fostered support for the Republican cause in the Spanish Civil War. His earliest known poem is titled Mother's Day 1938.

Paul attended the Liceul Ortodox de Băieți No. 1 (Boys' Orthodox Secondary School No. 1) from 1930 until 1935, Liceul de Băieți No. 2 în Cernăuți (Boys' Secondary School No. 2 in Cernăuți) from 1935 to 1936, followed by the Liceul Marele Voievod Mihai (Great Prince Mihai Preparatory School, now Chernivtsi School No. 5), where he studied from 1936 until graduating in 1938. At this time Celan secretly began to write poetry.

In 1938, Celan traveled to Tours, France, to study medicine; the Anschluss precluded his study in Vienna, and Romanian schools were harder to get into due to the newly imposed Jewish quota. His journey to France took him through Berlin as the events of Kristallnacht unfolded, and also introduced him to his uncle, Bruno Schrager, who was later among the French detainees murdered at Birkenau. Celan returned to Cernăuți in 1939 to study literature and Romance languages.

Life during World War II

Following the Soviet occupation of Bukovina in June 1940, deportations to Siberia started. A year later, following the reconquest by Romania, Nazi Germany and the then-fascist Romanian regime brought ghettos, internment, and forced labour (see Romania in World War II).

On arrival in Cernăuți in July 1941, the German SS Einsatzkommando and their Romanian allies set the city's Great Synagogue on fire. In October, the Romanians deported a large number of Jews after forcing them into a ghetto, where Celan translated Shakespeare's sonnets and continued to write his own poetry. Before the ghetto was dissolved in the fall of that year, Celan was pressed into labor, first clearing the debris of a demolished post office, and then gathering and destroying Russian books.

The local mayor, Traian Popovici, strove to mitigate the harsh circumstances, until the governor of Bukovina had the Jews rounded up and deported, starting on a Saturday night in June 1942. Celan hoped to convince his parents to leave the country so as to escape certain persecution. While Celan was away from home, on 21 June 1942, his parents were taken from their home and sent by train to an internment camp in Transnistria Governorate, where two-thirds of the deportees eventually perished. Celan's father likely perished of typhus and his mother was shot after being exhausted by forced labour. Later that year, after being taken to a labour camp in Romania, Celan received reports of his parents' deaths.