雇佣劳动与资本 (1849)

《雇佣劳动与资本》（德语：Lohnarbeit und Kapital）是卡尔·马克思在1847年发表的一篇演讲，1849年4月首次以文章形式发表在《新莱茵报》上。它被广泛认为是马克思颇具影响力的论文《资本论》的前身。它通常与马克思1865年的演讲《价值、价格和利润》构成对应。1883年，一本俄文译本出版，附录第23章“资本主义积累的历史趋势”摘录了《资本论》第1卷。1885年，英文译本以小册子的形式首次出版。1885年，在马克思不知情的情况下，弗里德里希·恩格斯在霍廷根-苏黎世出版了一本以报纸文章为基础的小册子。德语版于1891年由恩格斯修订，并在前一年《反社会主义法》失效后由Vorwärts出版。1893年，1891年德语版的最新英文译本在伦敦出版。

主要内容

演讲和文章旨在“通俗”地介绍资本主义下的经济关系和阶级斗争的物质基础。这就意味着资产阶级在资本主义社会的阶级统治建立在对工人的奴役之上。剩余价值理论解释了工人阶级所经历的贫困。这部作品也代表了马克思在19世纪40年代末其理论的深度。它是马克思主义早期的理论表述，但确实提出了差异化劳动是资本主义通过资本主义的生产方式形成资本积累的条件。马克思认为资本主义是一个过渡的历史时期，最终会导致无产阶级革命。

本文研究的主要主题包括劳动、劳动力以及劳动力如何成为商品。介绍了劳动价值论，区分了劳动和劳动力。本文定义了商品一词，并探讨了供求经济原理如何影响某些商品的定价。除此之外，这篇文章还探讨了资本和资本主义除了获得更多资本之外，是如何不起任何作用的，马克思将其描述为一种不合逻辑的生活方式。

Wage Labour and Capital (German: Lohnarbeit und Kapital) is the text of the 1847 lectures by the political economist and philosopher Karl Marx, held in Brussels, and first published as five articles in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in April 1849. It was later republished in many different forms and many languages as a pamphlet or booklet. It is said to consist, in an embryonic form, important arguments concerning the relation between labour and capital in his major work Das Kapital (1867) twenty years later.

This text is sometimes paired with Marx's 1865 lecture Value, Price and Profit.

Background

Marx started studying political economy intensively between 1843 and 1847, when he was in exile in Paris and Brussels. Evidence of this bear his unpublished Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (eventually published in the early 1930s after his death) and Misère de la Philosophie (The Poverty of Philosophy), published in French in 1847.

An important input to his economic studies was given by Friedrich Engels, who published in 1844 "Umrisse zu einer Kritik der Nationalökonomie" (Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy) in the Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher (German-French annals) and in 1845 Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England (The Condition of the Working Class in England).

In some biographies Wage-Labour and Capital is only shortly mentioned, wedged between the German Ideology of 1847 and the Communist Manifesto of 1848. But the text marks an interesting point in the development of fundamental concepts of marxist economic theory. Marx stated for the first time his thoughts about the relative pauperisation of the proletariat, and he sketches the outlines of the theory of the reserve army of workers. Mehring, in his Karl Marx. Geschichte seines Leben (1918; Karl Marx: The Story of His Life), gives an important role to the lectures on wage labour and capital that were delivered by Marx to the German Workingmen's Club in Brussels in 1847. He stresses the fact that Marx here defines capital as a social productive relation. "Marx then sums up : If capital grows rapidly, the competition amongst the workers grows still more rapidly, that is to say, the more, comparatively, are the means of occupation and the means of life of the workers reduced, but nevertheless, the speedy growth of capital is the most favourable condition for wage-labour."

The editors of the Selected Works of Marx and Engels write that the lecture and newspaper articles were meant to be a "popular" presentation of the economic relations under capitalism and the material basis for class struggle.

Vitaly Vygodski, in his The Story of a Great Discovery points out that in Wage Labour and Capital Marx came very close to the point of "solving the problem of exchange between wage-labour and capital", but that it took ten more years for him to make this leap, and make the "revolutionary transformation of political economy from the bourgeois to the Marxist approach".

Editions

Roughly spoken, two periods of publication of the (German) text, and subsequent translations (in English), can be distinguished: The first period, with the original text of Marx, published in different forms between 1849 and 1886. The second period, with the publications, edited by Friedrich Engels, from 1891 onwards.

1849-1886

The publication history starts with the original publication of five articles (in German) in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung nrs 264, 265, 266, 267 and 269 of 5, 6, 7, 8 and 11 April 1849.

For an online edition, entitled "Lohnarbeit und Kapital", see Bibliotheca Augustana.

For a facsimile of the journal, see Deutsches Textarchiv (German digital text archive).