麦克斯·霍克海默

麦克斯·霍克海默（德语：Max Horkheimer，1895年2月14日—1973年7月7日），是一位德国哲学家、社会学家，法兰克福学派的创始人之一。

霍克海默1895年2月14日生于斯图加特一个工厂主家庭。1922年在法兰克福大学获哲学博士学位。1925年任该大学教授，后兼任哲学系主任。1930年任法兰克福大学社会研究所所长，创办了《社会研究杂志》，广泛吸收了一批经济学家、哲学家、心理学家和历史学，致力于对现代资本主义社会进行多学科的综合研究。1933年希特勒执政后，他把社会研究所先后迁到日内瓦、巴黎、美国，并先后在哥伦比亚大学和加利福尼亚大学工作。1949-1950年他把社会研究所迁返法兰克福，仍任所长。1953年退休。1973年7月7日卒于德国纽伦堡。

主要著作

《启蒙辩证法》（与阿多诺合写，1947）

《工具理性批判》 （1947）

《批判理论》（1967）

《社会哲学研究》 (1972)

Max Horkheimer ( HORK-hy-mər; German: [ˈhɔɐ̯kˌhaɪmɐ]; 14 February 1895 – 7 July 1973) was a German philosopher and sociologist best known for his role in developing critical theory as director of the Institute for Social Research, commonly associated with the Frankfurt School.

Advancing a materialist theory of reason and society, Horkheimer analyzed the rise of instrumental reason, the erosion of the concept of truth, the decline of individual autonomy, the social-psychological roots of authoritarianism, and the reproduction of domination under modern capitalism. These concerns became fundamental to critical theory.

His most influential works include Eclipse of Reason (1947), Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947, with Theodor W. Adorno), and a series of foundational essays written in the 1930s for the Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung, later collected in Between Philosophy and Social Science and Critical Theory: Selected Essays. He also composed aphoristic reflections between the late 1920s and the 1960s, published posthumously as Dämmerung (Dawn and Decline). As director of the institute, Horkheimer planned, supported, and made possible many other significant works.

Biography

Early life

On 14 February 1895, Horkheimer was born the only son of Moritz and Babetta Horkheimer. Horkheimer was born into a conservative, wealthy Orthodox Jewish family. His father was a successful businessman who owned several textile factories in the Zuffenhausen district of Stuttgart, where Max was born. Moritz expected his son to follow in his footsteps and own the family business.

Max was taken out of school in 1910 to work in the family business, where he eventually became a junior manager. During this period he would begin two relationships that would last for the rest of his life. First, he met Friedrich Pollock, who would later become a close academic colleague, and who would remain Max's closest friend. He also met Rose Riekher, his father's personal secretary. Eight years Max's senior, a Christian, and from a lower economic class, Riekher was not considered a suitable match by Moritz Horkheimer. Despite this, Max and Maidon (as Riekher was affectionately known) would marry in 1926 and remain together until her death in 1969.

In 1917, his manufacturing career ended and his chances of taking over his family business were interrupted when he was drafted into World War I. However, Horkheimer avoided military service, being rejected on medical grounds.

Education

In the spring of 1919, after failing an army physical, Horkheimer enrolled at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. While living in Munich, he was mistaken for the revolutionary playwright Ernst Toller and arrested and imprisoned.

After being released, Horkheimer moved to Frankfurt am Main, where he studied philosophy and psychology under Hans Cornelius. There, he met Theodor Adorno, several years his junior, with whom he would strike a lasting friendship and a collaborative relationship. After an abortive attempt at writing a dissertation on Gestalt psychology, Horkheimer, with Cornelius's direction, completed his doctorate in philosophy with a 78-page dissertation titled The Antinomy of Teleological Judgment (Zur Antinomie der teleologischen Urteilskraft). In 1925, Horkheimer was habilitated with a dissertation entitled Kant's Critique of Judgment as Mediation between Practical and Theoretical Philosophy (Über Kants Kritik der Urteilskraft als Bindeglied zwischen theoretischer und praktischer Philosophie). There, he met Friedrich Pollock, who would be his colleague at the University of Frankfurt Institute for Social Research. The following year, Max was appointed Privatdozent. Shortly after, in 1926, Horkheimer married Rose Riekher.