沃尔夫·比尔曼

沃尔夫·比尔曼（德语：Wolf Biermann，1936年11月15日—）德国歌手、歌曲作家，前东德异议人士。生于德国汉堡，父母为共产党员。父亲为犹太人，在比尔曼襁褓中时即被纳粹德国在奥斯维辛杀害。1953年，17岁的比尔曼从西德前往东德以实现共产主义理想，并进入德国柏林洪堡大学学习政治经济学。1957年至1959年在柏林剧团工作。1960年，比尔曼遇到了汉斯·艾斯勒并成为他的学生。 后来比尔曼开始对东德政治感到失望。1976年被东德政府驱逐出境，前往西德。

Karl Wolf Biermann (German: [ˈvɔlf ˈbiːɐ̯ˌman] ; born 15 November 1936) is a German singer-songwriter, poet, and former East German dissident. He is perhaps best known for the 1968 song "Ermutigung" and his expatriation from East Germany in 1976.

Early life and education

Karl Wolf Biermann was born on 15 November 1936 in Hamburg, Germany. His mother, Emma (née Dietrich), was a German Communist Party activist, and his father, Dagobert Biermann, worked on the Hamburg docks. Biermann's father, a Jewish member of the German Resistance, was sentenced to six years in prison for sabotaging Nazi ships. In 1942, the Nazis decided to eliminate their Jewish political prisoners and Biermann's father was deported to Auschwitz concentration camp, where he was murdered on 22 February 1943.

Biermann was one of the few children of workers who attended the Heinrich-Hertz-Gymnasium (high school) in Hamburg. After the Second World War, he became a member of the Free German Youth (Freie Deutsche Jugend, FDJ) and in 1950, he represented the Federal Republic of Germany at the FDJ's first national meeting.

East Germany

Upon finishing school at the age of 17, Biermann emigrated from West to East Germany where he believed he could live out his Communist ideals. He lived at a boarding school near Schwerin until 1955, and then began studying political economics at the Humboldt University of Berlin. From 1957 to 1959, he was an assistant director at the Berliner Ensemble. At university he changed courses to study philosophy and mathematics under Wolfgang Heise until 1963, when he completed his thesis. Despite his successful defense of his thesis, he did not receive his diploma until 2008, when he was also awarded an honorary doctorate degree.

In 1960, Biermann met composer Hanns Eisler, who adopted the young artist as a protégé. Biermann began writing poetry and songs. Eisler used his influence with the East German cultural elite to promote the songwriter's career, but his death in 1962 deprived Biermann of his mentor and protector. In 1961, Biermann formed the Berliner Arbeiter-Theater ("Berlin Workers' Theater"), which was closed in 1963 before the production of Biermann's show Berliner Brautgang, which documented the building of the Berlin Wall. The play was officially banned and Biermann was forbidden to perform for six months.

Although a committed communist, Biermann's nonconformist views soon alarmed the East German establishment. In 1963, he was refused membership in the ruling Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), although no reason was given at the time for his rejection. After the Wende, documents available from Biermann's file at the Stasi Records Agency revealed that the reviewers were under the impression that he was a regular user of stimulants, leading to the rejection of his application.

In 1964, Biermann performed for the first time in West Germany. A performance in April 1965 in Frankfurt am Main on Wolfgang Neuss' cabaret program was recorded and released as an LP titled Wolf Biermann (Ost) zu Gast bei Wolfgang Neuss (West). Later that year, Biermann published a book of poetry, Die Drahtharfe, through the West German publisher Klaus Wagenbach. In December 1965, the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany denounced him as a "class traitor" and placed him onto the performance and publication blacklist. At this time Stasi developed a 20-point plan, “20-Punkte-Plan“, to "degrade" or discredit this person.

While blacklisted, Biermann continued to write and compose, culminating in his 1968 album Chausseestraße 131, recorded on equipment smuggled from the west in his apartment at Chausseestraße 131 in Mitte, the central borough of Berlin.

To break this isolation, artists including Joan Baez and many others visited him at his home during the World Festival of Youth and Students in 1973. Karsten Voigt, chairman of the West German Social Democratic Youth (Jusos), protested against the suppression of the freedom of opinion and information by the state security.