弗里德里希·荷尔德林

约翰·克里斯蒂安·弗里德里希·荷尔德林（德语：Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin ，1770年3月20日—1843年3月7日），德国浪漫派诗人、唯心主义哲学家。他将古典希腊诗文移植到德语中。其作品在20世纪才被重视。

他与黑格尔和谢林曾在图宾根的新教神学院同窗，互为好友。

生平

荷尔德林生于士瓦本地区诸侯国符腾堡的内卡河畔劳芬。他的父亲名叫海因里希·弗里德里希·荷尔德林。母亲名为约翰娜·克里斯蒂亚娜·海恩。有一妹妹海茵莉凯。1772年，父亲过世。母亲随后嫁给了一名来自尼尔廷根的商人。荷尔德林与继父的关系相当好。他在尼尔廷根接受教育，他还学习了如何演奏钢琴和笛子。由于其母的宗教虔诚，希伯来语、拉丁语、希腊语、修辞、辩证等科目都在他的学习范围之内。通过阅读，他着迷于古希腊文化。1784年，15岁的荷尔德林开始创作诗歌。1786年，陷入初恋，但遭到拒绝，对其诗歌创作也造成了影响，不过之后还是订婚了。1788年，入读图宾根新教神学院。在学院中，荷尔德林与黑格尔相识，并曾偷偷阅读当时还不被公认的康德的作品。是年冬天，他加入了图宾根的诗歌团体。1789年，由于经济问题，荷尔德林与未婚妻的婚约遭取消。这年，人权和公民权宣言的发表造成了轰动，荷尔德林和神学院的学生也受到了影响。符滕堡公爵对此进行了压制，荷尔德林因对师长不敬受到学校处罚。

1793年，他拜会了席勒，随后通过席勒认识了歌德。这期间，他通过担任家教获取收入。1797年，诗作《许佩里翁》第一卷发表。之后他着手翻译索福克勒斯的作品。1805年左右，荷尔德林的精神状况出现了问题。1806年入住奥藤列斯诊所接受治疗，他被迫带上面具，以免发出尖叫。1807年出院，移居内卡河边的一处住所，由房东恩斯特·齐默一家人照料起居，直至数十年后他去世为止。

Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin (UK: , US: ; German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈhœldɐliːn] ; 20 March 1770 – 7 June 1843) was a German poet and philosopher. Described by Norbert von Hellingrath as "the most German of Germans", Hölderlin was a key figure of German Romanticism. Particularly due to his early association with and philosophical influence on Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, he was also an important thinker in the development of German idealism.

Born in Lauffen am Neckar, Hölderlin had a childhood marked by bereavement. His mother intended for him to enter the Lutheran ministry, and he attended the Tübinger Stift, where he was friends with Hegel and Schelling. He graduated in 1793 but could not devote himself to the Lutheran faith, instead becoming a tutor. Two years later, he briefly attended the University of Jena, where he interacted with Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Novalis, before resuming his career as a tutor. He struggled to establish himself as a poet, and he was plagued by mental illness. He was sent to a clinic in 1806 but deemed incurable and instead given lodging by a carpenter, Ernst Zimmer. He spent the final 35 years of his life in Zimmer's residence, and died in 1843 at the age of 73.

Hölderlin followed the tradition of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller as an admirer of Greek mythology and Ancient Greek poets such as Pindar and Sophocles, and melded Christian and Hellenic themes in his works. Martin Heidegger, upon whom Hölderlin had a great influence, said: "Hölderlin is one of our greatest, that is, most impending thinkers because he is our greatest poet."

Biography

Early life

Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin was born on 20 March 1770 in Lauffen am Neckar, then a part of the Duchy of Württemberg. He was the first child of Johanna Christiana Heyn (1748–1828) and Heinrich Friedrich Hölderlin (1736—1772). His father, the manager of a church estate, died when he was two years old, and Friedrich and his sister, Heinrike, were brought up by their mother.

In 1774, his mother moved the family to Nürtingen when she married Johann Christoph Gok. Two years later, Johann Gok became the burgomaster of Nürtingen, and Hölderlin's half-brother, Karl Christoph Friedrich Gok, was born. In 1779, Johann Gok died at the age of 30. Hölderlin later expressed how his childhood was scarred by grief and sorrow, writing in a 1799 correspondence with his mother:

When my second father died, whose love for me I shall never forget, when I felt, with an incomprehensible pain, my orphaned state and saw, each day, your grief and tears, it was then that my soul took on, for the first time, this heaviness that has never left and that could only grow more severe with the years.

Education

Hölderlin began his education in 1776, and his mother planned for him to join the Lutheran church. In preparation for entrance exams into a monastery, he received additional instruction in Greek, Hebrew, Latin and rhetoric, starting in 1782. During this time, he struck a friendship with Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, who was five years Hölderlin's junior. On account of the age difference, Schelling was "subjected to universal teasing" and Hölderlin protected him from abuse by older students. Also during this time, Hölderlin began playing the piano and developed an interest in travel literature through exposure to Georg Forster's A Voyage Round the World.

In 1784, Hölderlin entered the Lower Monastery in Denkendorf and started his formal training for entry into the Lutheran ministry. At Denkendorf, he discovered the poetry of Friedrich Schiller and Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, and took tentative steps in composing his own verses. The earliest known letter of Hölderlin's is dated 1784 and addressed to his former tutor Nathanael Köstlin. In the letter, he hinted at his wavering faith in Christianity and anxiety about his mental state.