泰奥菲尔·戈蒂耶

皮埃尔·朱尔·泰奥菲尔·戈蒂耶（法语：Pierre Jules Théophile Gautier，法语发音：[pjɛʁ ʒyl teɔfil ɡotje]；1811年8月30日—1872年10月23日），法国十九世纪重要的诗人、小说家、戏剧家和文艺批评家。

生平

他出生在法国南部小城塔布，父亲让-皮埃尔（Jean-Pierre Gautier）是一名政府官员，1814年全家搬到巴黎，以后一生基本在巴黎度过。他于一八三零年自己十九岁出版了一本诗集。以后又接连创作了包括《莫班小姐》的几本小说。

但是，戈蒂耶一生最多的工作是为报刊、杂志撰写报道和评论文章。他曾由巴尔扎克介绍到《巴黎杂志》作编辑，同时在《艺术家》杂志任编辑，为《新闻报》和《朴实箴言报》撰稿。戈蒂耶的文艺批评在当时的文坛受到普遍的重视，影响巨大。戈蒂耶于1842年获得了法国荣誉军团勋章，但是进法兰西学院的梦想却没能实现。1862年，他当选法国国家美术协会会长。

晚年，他经过辛勤写作，生活终于安逸了一些，可是普法战争和巴黎公社引发的动乱却对他的生活造成了极大冲击。艰辛的劳作加剧了他多年的心脏病，于1872年10月23日去世，葬于蒙马特公墓。

主要作品

《莫班小姐》（Mademoiselle du Maupin，1835）

《珐琅与雕玉》（Emaux et Camées，1852）

Pierre Jules Théophile Gautier (US: goh-TYAY; French: [pjɛʁ ʒyl teɔfil ɡotje]; 30 August 1811 – 23 October 1872) was a French poet, dramatist, novelist, journalist, and art and literary critic.

While an ardent defender of Romanticism, Gautier's work is difficult to classify and remains a point of reference for many subsequent literary traditions such as Parnassianism, Symbolism, Decadence and Modernism. He was widely esteemed by writers as disparate as Balzac, Baudelaire, the Goncourt brothers, Flaubert, Pound, Eliot, James, Proust and Wilde.

Life and times

Gautier was born on 30 August 1811 in Tarbes, capital of Hautes-Pyrénées département (southwestern France). His father was Jean-Pierre Gautier, a fairly cultured minor government official, and his mother was Antoinette-Adelaïde Cocard. The family moved to Paris in 1814, taking up residence in the ancient Marais district.

Gautier's education commenced at the prestigious Collège Louis-le-Grand in Paris, which he attended for three months before being brought home due to illness. Although he completed the remainder of his education at Collège Charlemagne, Gautier's most significant instruction, including in Latin, came from his father.

While at school, Gautier befriended Gérard de Nerval and the two became lifelong friends. It is through Nerval that Gautier was introduced to Victor Hugo, by then already a leading dramatist. Hugo became a major influence on Gautier. It was at the legendary premiere of Hugo's Hernani that Gautier is remembered for wearing his anachronistic red doublet.

In the aftermath of the 1830 Revolution, Gautier's family experienced hardship and was forced to move to the outskirts of Paris. Deciding to experiment with his own independence and freedom, Gautier chose to stay with friends in the Doyenné district of Paris.

Towards the end of 1830, Gautier began to frequent meetings of Le Petit Cénacle (The Little Art Circle), a group of artists who met in the studio of Jehan Duseigneur. The group was a more irresponsible version of Hugo's Cénacle. Among its members were the artists Gérard de Nerval, Alexandre Dumas père, Petrus Borel, Alphonse Brot, and Philothée O'Neddy. Le Petit Cénacle soon gained a reputation for extravagance and eccentricity.

Gautier began writing poetry as early as 1826, but the majority of his life was spent as a contributor to various journals, mainly La Presse, which also gave him the opportunity for foreign travel and for meeting many influential contacts in high society and the world of the arts. Throughout his life, Gautier was well-travelled, taking trips to Spain, Italy, Russia, Egypt and Algeria. Gautier's many travels inspired many of his writings including Voyage en Espagne (1843), Trésors d'Art de la Russie (1858), and Voyage en Russie (1867). Gautier's travel literature is considered by many as being some of the best from the nineteenth century; often written in a personal style, it provides a window into Gautier's own tastes in art and culture.

Gautier was a celebrated abandonné (one who yields or abandons himself to something) of the Romantic Ballet, writing several scenarios, the most famous of which is Giselle, whose first interpreter, the ballerina Carlotta Grisi, was the great love of his life. When Carlotta rebuffed him, he began a long-term relationship and had two daughters with her sister Ernestina, a singer.